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(3) chemical dispersion—the most extensively used technique 
especially for open ocean spills although many chemical dispersants 
are also toxic to marine life. Ongoing research has produced nontoxic 
dispersants. 
(4) physical absorption—dispersal over the spill of inexpensive 
absorption materials such as processed garbage or waste paper fiber 
are promising methods. Additional effort must be expended to collect 
the oil-soaked material, but once this is accomplished the oil also 
can be recovered. 
(5) combustion—this method is generally only successful immedi- 
ately after the spill occurs when the more volatile components are 
still present. In some cases combustion may not be desired if a well is 
to be recovered and sealed or a ship salvaged. Problems in sustaining 
combustion are under research. 
(6) oil skimmers—these methods allow recovery of the oil but are 
generally limited to conditions of relatively calm water. Several 
varieties of oil skimmers have been developed. 
(7) biological degradation—seeding an oil spill with special bacterial 
cultures that feed on petroleum hydrocarbons is still in experimental 
stages. 
