BROKEN BELT: (I.A.l.f.) — The transition zone between open water 

 and pack ice. 



BROKEN ICE: (LA. I.e.) — Ice that covers from five- to eight-tenths of 

 the sea surface. See concentration (of ice). (Figs. 5, 6.) 



BUCKING: (V.A.) — Repeatedly charging the ice with a ship under full 

 power in an attempt to break through the ice. Cf . ramming. 



BULB GLACIER: (II.A.3.a.)— Expanded foot ice. 



CAKE: (I.A.2.)— Ice cake. 



CAKE ICE: (I.A.I.)— An area of ice cakes. 



CALVED ICE: (II.A.5.) — A fragment of floating glacier ice ranging 

 in size from an iceberg to a growler. See iceberg. 



CALVING: (II.B.) — The breaking away of a mass of ice from its parent 

 iceberg, glacier, or shelf ice formation. 



Calving may take place above, at, or below the water line, relieving 

 stresses set up by temperature changes and responding to vibrations from 

 sound or wave action. Icebergs at any time may calve off large sections 

 of ice which, after falling into the water, may bob up to the surface with 

 great force, often at a considerable distance away. In the calving of the 

 largest valley glaciers of Greenland, masses of ice of the order of 

 1/40 to 1/20 cubic mile are spalled off — one of the most gigantic natural 

 spectacles on earth. The waves which are produced in the fiords rise 

 several tens of yards along the banks and therefore compare favorably 

 with the largest waves of the sea. 



Icebergs are often so balanced that this calving, or merely melting 

 of the under surface, will cause a shift in the center of gravity with con- 

 sequent capsizing and readjustment of mass to a new state of equilibrium. 

 Vessels and boats should therefore keep well clear of icebergs that 

 give evidence of disintegrating or overturning. Cf. capsize. (Frontis- 

 piece, Figs. 73, 78, 86.) 



■CANDLE ICE: (I.A.S.f.) — Ice fingers normal to the original free surface 

 in rotten or disintegrating sea ice. The fingers may be equal in length 

 to the thickness of the ice cake prior to disintegration. 



Candle ice is also a feature of disintegrating lake and river ice. 



CAPSIZE: (II.B.) — To turn over. When the balance of an iceberg is 

 changed sufficiently, it turns over or capsizes. 



CHANNEL: (I.C.l.b.)— Lead. 



CIRQUE: (II.B.) — A large, circular or nearly circular, steep-walled, 

 rock recess or hollow in the side of a mountain or hill, generally ascribed 

 to glacial erosion. In low and middle latitudes cirques are found in 

 lofty highlands; in high latitudes they may occur within a few hundred 

 feet of sea level. The French term, cirque, is widely used. In Wales, 

 cwm (pronounced koom) is used; in Scotland, corrie. (Fig. 67.) 



CIRQUE ICE: (II.A.l.d.) — Ice contained within a circular or nearly 



