ridged, hummocked, tented, ropak, and weathered. See topog- 

 raphy (of ice). (Figs. 38-52.) 



PRESSURE ICE FOOT: (I.B.l.a.)— An ice foot formed along a shore 

 line by the freezing together of stranded pressure ice. 



PRESSURE RIDGE: ( I. A. 4.f.)— Pressure ice in the form of a ridge. 

 Pressure ridges may be several miles long and up to 100 feet high. 

 (Figs. 22, 47, 49, 50, 79.) 



PUDDLE: (I.A.4.g.)- — A depression on sea ice filled with melt water. 

 During the summer, ice may absorb more heat than it radiates with 

 the result that the surface of the ice melts and forms small puddles. 

 Puddles grow individually or by running together. Since the melt 

 water absorbs solar energy, it will cause holes to be melted through the 

 ice to the sea water eventually. The water in puddles is much lighter 

 in color than sea water. The melt water is frequently fresh enough for 

 cooking and drinking purposes. Puddles are a surface feature that may 

 occur on any ice. (Frontispiece, Figs. 7, 8, 16-18, 20, 21, 30, 32, 35-37, 

 42, 62, 65.) 



PYRAMIDAL ICEBERG: (II.A.5.a.)— Pinnacled iceberg. 



RAFTED ICE: (I.A.4.b.) — A type of pressure ice formed by one cake 

 overriding another, or rafting. Rafted ice has well defined contours 

 and when observed may be regarded as a relatively recent occurrence. 

 See pressure ice. (Figs. 38, 39, 48.) 



RAFTING: 



(1) (I.A.4.b.) — The process of creating rafted ice. 



(2) (V.C.) — The transporting of sediments, rocks, silt, and other 

 matter of land origin out to sea by ice. 



RAM: (II. B.) — The sloping, underwater ledge of an iceberg or of a 

 glacier terminus bathed in water. More rapid melting at the water line 

 than above and below causes a notch to be formed at the water line below 

 which is the ram. As a result of underwater calving, the ram may 

 become detached and is then buoyed up to the surface. This process can 

 be a serious hazard for boats, even of large size, in the immediate vicinity. 

 (Figs. 16, 57, 96.) 



RAMMING: (V.A.) — Charging ice with a ship under full power. Re- 

 peated ramming is called bucking. 



RAMP: (II.A.4.) — An accumulation of snow that forms an inclined plane 

 between land or land ice elements and sea ice or shelf ice. Cf. bridge. 

 (Figs. 83-85.) 



REGIONAL CLEARING: (I.C.l.c.)— Polynya. 



RIDGED ICE: (I.A.4.d.) — Pressure ice in the form of a ridge or many 

 ridges. See pressure ice. (Figs. 45-47, 49.) 



RIME: (V.B.) — A white or milky," opaque, granular deposit of ice which 

 forms on exposed objects at temperatures below the freezing point. 



22 



