LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Figure Page 



Land ice and sea ice Frontispiece 



1. Masthead view of open water 31 



2. Aerial view of scattered ice 31 



3. Aerial view of scattered ice 32 



4. Shipboard view of scattered ice 32 



5. Shipboard view of broken ice 33 



6. Aerial view of broken ice 33 



7. Close ice 34 



8. Consolidated ice 34 



9. Aerial view of a belt of ice 35 



10. Shipboard view of a patch of ice 35 



11. Brash between blocks and small floes 36 



12. Brash, produced artificially by the passage of an icebreaker 36 



13. Block about 8 feet thick turned on edge revealing its laminar structure 37 



14. Blocks with a snow cover of about 4 inches 37 



15. Blocks and brash 38 



16. Small floe with ram 38 



17. Small floe 39 



18. Aerial view of medium and giant floes that have been well puddled 39 



19. Portion of giant floe 40 



20. Ice field whose surface is well puddled '40 



21. Aerial view of puddled floes of all sizes 41 



22. Small floe accompanied by blocks and brash 41 



23. Aerial view of the ice pack showing floes of all sizes 42 



24. Frazil crystals in the sea 42 



25. Frazil ice deposited on seaweed 43 



26. Ice flowers on newly- formed sea ice 43 



27. Newly- formed ice in the foreground with older ice in the background 44 



28. Lead in the process of freezing 44 



29. Pancakes with blocks of young ice 45 



30. Flat, puddled winter ice in the foreground and polar ice in the background. . 45 



31. Polar ice 46 



32. Polar ice with puddles ..46 



33. Honeycombed structure of an overturned rotten block 47 



34. Botten ice 47 



35. Aerial view of a portion of a giant floe composed of rotten ice 48 



36. Flat ice with crack and frozen puddles 48 



37. Flat ice in a final stage prior to its disintegration 49 



38. Rafted ice 49 



39. Rafted ice 50 



40. Hummock ' 50 



41. Hummocky floes that have weathered 51 



42. A hummocky field that has been subjected to weathering and puddling 51 



43. An ice field that has been hummocked and weathered 52 



44. Hummock that has been weathered 52 



45. Unweathered pressure ridges 53 



46. Weathered pressure ridges " 53 



47. Aerial view of the ice pack showing a thick network of pressure ridges 54 



48. Heavily hummocked and rafted ice , 54 



9559340—52—2. 



IX 



