Estimation of wave forces for structures under tow. 



Validity of small scale models in predicting loads on structures. 



Structural Design 



Rational design criteria for marine structures. 



Design loadings for marine structures. 



Measurement and comparison of stresses in structures. 



Stress levels in 3D joint configurations. 



Measuring and Monitoring Equipment 



Wave recorder to measure wave spectrum. 

 Development of improved wave recorders. 

 *Design of buoy system to measure currents and wave heights. 

 Data recording and transmission buoys. 

 Acoustic emission techniques to monitor stresses. 



New Concepts 



Concrete pontoons, platforms, drilling rigs. 



Precast submerged tunnel units and erection gantries. 



Ice as a structural component. 



Design of breakwater for attachment to legs of platforms. 



Devices to protect deep water terminals from surface effects. 



Field Reference 08 



DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERWATER PIPELINES 



Recommended Topics 



Design 



Improved weighting techniques less susceptible to damage than the present 

 concrete coating. 

 * Forces on pipelines due to waves and current. 

 'Trenching and surface stabilising techniques. 



Interaction with Sea-Bed 



Effect of structures in causing erosion and sedimentation. 

 Study of erosion and sand movements and development of stabilising techniques 

 to avoid exposure of underwater pipelines. 



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