VI 



page 



VIII. U.S. Participation in International Ocean Activities 57 



U.S. Policy Apparatus for Seabed Issues 57 



Congressional Committees 58 



Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Develop- 

 ment 58 



Commission on Marine Science, Engineering, and 



Resources 59 



Committee on International Policy in the Marine Environ- 

 ment 59 



Interagency Law-of-the-Sea Task Force 60 



The National Academies 61 



Formulation of U.S. Policy for the Seabed 61 



Legislative Concern in the 90th Congress 61 



House Support for the Malta Proposal 62 



Proposal for a U.N. Marine Resources Agency 62 



Support and Opposition in the Senate 63 



Reasons for Opposition 63 



Legislative Concern in the 91st Congress 64 



Senator Pell's Proposals 65 



Position of the Subcommittee on Outer Continental 



Shelf 66 



Position of the Executive Branch 68 



Seabed Disarmament Treaty 70 



Seabed Regime 71 



IX. Role of Science and Technology in Seabed Diplomacy 73 



Military Technology and Ocean Strategy 73 



Scientists in the Diplomatic Process 76 



Role of the Marine Council Staff 76 



Role of Scientists in Other Agencies 78 



Scientific Advice, Policy, and Diplomacy 79 



X. Summary 81 



APPENDIXES 



page 



Appendix 1. Breadth of territorial seas and fishing jurisdictions claimed 



by selected countries 88 



Appendix 2. Truman Proclamation (No. 2667) : Policy of the United States 

 with respect to the natural resources of the subsoil and seabed of the 

 continental shelf 90 



Appendix 3. Truman Proclamation (No. 2668): Policy of the United 



States with respect to coastal fisheries in certain areas of the high seas_ 91 



Appendix 4. White House press release relative to the natural resources 



of the continental shelf 92 



Appendix 5. Submerged Land Act of 1953 (Public Law 31) 94 



Appendix 6. Executive Order 9633, reserving and placing certain resources 

 of the continental shelf under the control and jurisdiction of the Sec- 

 retary of the Interior 99 



Appendix 7. Executive Order 10426, setting aside submerged lands of the 



continental shelf as a Naval Petroleum Reserve 100 



Appendix 8. Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act of 1953 (Public Law 212) _ 101 



Appendix 9. Conventions on the Law of the Sea adopted by the United 



Nations Conference at Geneva, 1958 110 



Appendix 10. Cost indices of petroleum exploration drilling, development 



drilling, production facilities, and pipelines 128 



Appendix 11. Petroleum operations in the sea — 1980 and beyond 133 



Appendix 12. Estimates of United States domestic demand for liquid 



hydrocarbons (1970-2000) 138 



Appendix 13. Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act of 1966 

 (PubHc Law 454), and its Title II, the National Sea Grant College 

 and Program Act of 1966 (Public Law 688) 141 



Appendix 14. Draft resolutions submitted and principles supported by 



the United States in the U.N. Ad Hoc Seabed Committee 150 



