116 



This appears with great distinctness for the Westman Isles (S. Iceland) in the data 

 below, which enables a comparison to be made between observations made on the coast and 

 others made from passing ships. We see from these that the temperatures at the shore in 

 winter are ca. 2° lower than those offshore (in summer on the other hand they are a 

 little higher). The data for Stornoway show a somewhat similar condition, but the dif- 

 ference between the two sets of temperatures is here a little less in agreement with the 

 situation some degrees further south than the Westman Isles, where the cooling of the 

 surface water in contact with the air is greater (the average temperature of the air in 

 winter is there but little over 0° C). 



Monthly average temperatures of the surface water to show the difference between simultaneous 



observations on land and on board ship ^ 



In order to make good the above-mentioned gaps in the coastal data in the Table 

 p. 115, I shall in the following pages as far as possible rely upon temperature observations 

 made further out to sea and the data published in the International Bulletin have been 

 often of special use for this purpose. Thus the Chart fig. 4, p. 117, which shows the 

 temperatures in 50 (and 1000) meters depth at the spawning time of the principal gadoids, 

 was prepared from the data obtained by the international research-steamers. 



1. Iceland 

 With regard to Iceland we must sharply distinguish betwen the different coasts as the 

 hydrographical conditions are extremely different, due to the fact that two great current 

 systems, the Atlantic Stream and the Polar Stream, meet there. 



published in the Danish "Meteorologisk Aarbog", those for the British Isles from the monthly averages 

 published in the "Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society" and from the weekly averages published 

 in the "Weekly "Weather Eeport of the Meteorological Office" London. With exception of those of 

 1—3 and 5, all the calculations have been made by Mag. Sclent. H. Hansen. At each station is stated 

 the year or number of years which forms the basis of the calculations. 



The hitherto unpublished temperatures from the Westman Isles have kindly been placed at our dis- 

 posal by the Danish Meteorological Institute of Copenhagen. 



^ The observations from land are taken from the table p. 115; the ships observations from which 

 the monthly averages have been calculated are published in the Danish "Nautisk Meteorologisk Aarbog" 

 1897 — 1906 inclusive. The ships observations from the Westman Isles were made at 63°— 64° N. L., 

 20°— 21° W. L., those from Stornoway fi-om 58°— 59° N. L., 6°— 7° W. L. The calculations were made 

 by Mag. Scient. H. Hansen. 



My attention was called to this phenomenon by my colleague on the cruises of the "Thor", Cand. 

 Mag. I. N. Nielsen, the hydrographer on board. 



