180 SEA GRANT COLLEGES 



and the world, although some of the foreign countries are adopting 

 oceanology. I believe the Soviet institutions use that term. But 

 since it is so well known, so well accepted, and covers such a broad 

 field that a succinct definition is rather difficult to arrive at, I have 

 Jio quarrel with either term, sir. 



Senator Pell. Wiien we speak of oceanography as a general rule, 

 are we not really tallying as a rule about oceanology ? 



Admiral Waters. Yes, sir; because oceanography, going back to 

 the pure definition of it, is concerned with writings concerning the 

 oceans, whereas oceanology covers the whole field of science. 



Senator Pell. It reminds me a little bit of some phases of our 

 foreign policy. We start out with a policy and we just keep the same 

 policy because it is a matter of tradition, ,and I am wondering if as 

 time goes on — I am seeking to do this in this bill — we might bring in 

 more and more the term "oceanology" which would perhaps, as you 

 point out, be more understandable abroad and by the developing 

 body of oceanological knowledge that would be developed in th^ 

 world. You would not be adverse to that idea ? 



Admiral Waters. No, sir. 



Senator Pfxl. Do you see in the application of this bill any direct 

 relationship of the application of this bill and the U.S. Navy? 



Admiral Waters. Yes, sir. 



Senator Pell. In what ways? 



Admiral Waters. Well, as I tried to bring out in my statement, 

 sir, the great impact on this bill on the Navy will be the production 

 of more trained people and trained people are the big bottlenecks 

 today across the country, both in the Federal Government and in 

 industry. 



Senator Pell. Now, in trained people, are you speaking of tech- 

 nicians, bachelors with a proficiency in the field, or graduate scientists? 



Admiral Waters. I am speaking of all of them, sir, but I would 

 like to point out that the need for subspecialists or technicians is rising 

 at just as rapid ,a rate as the need for professionals, not that we do 

 not need professionals, but we also need technicians and because the 

 proportion of technicians that you need has increased with the increase 

 in the complexity and sophistication of our instruments. 



In the old days it used to be that you could send a group of pro- 

 fessional oceanographers to sea and if they could operate a screw- 

 driver, they could usually keep their instruments going. These days 

 it is not that way. So you have to have a mix of technicians, elec- 

 tronic technicians, electricians, and so forth. 



Senator Pell. Reverting to the earlier discussion then, you would 

 welcome the thrust of this legislation which is really to turn out more 

 technicians, and people proficient in the ways of working at the sea, 

 and it is not designed to increase the number of scientists. I realize 

 we need both, but the production of scientists is a responsibility of 

 the institutions of learning, the National Science Foundation, but it 

 is not the end of this bill. Under this bill the man will finish 2 years 

 training, without his college degree, and must come to you for his 

 military service and might prove quite proficient in his work. This 

 progi\am you like, I gather. 



Admiral Waters. Yes, although as a personal opinion I would tend 

 to agree with Dr. Galler's testimony in which I believe he indicated 



