SEA GRANT COLLEGES 193 



ideological adversaries of the world, the Eussians and Communist 

 China. I believe it is about time that we org:anize this type of offen- 

 sive to apply economic pressures against their political systems. We 

 have not kept pace in oceanography and the development of the fishery 

 and other resources of the sea. 



Most of us in America are competitive by nature and, in particular, 

 those of us that might have been athletes in our day, are perfectly 

 willing to accept this challenge. I strongly believe in this sea grant 

 college program that we are attempting to promote. Again, sir, I 

 want to compliment you for your leadership and I stand ready to 

 support you, on the House side, with all of the vigor at my command, 

 because I think the prospects are very exciting. We must recapture 

 our position of leadership in ocean resource exploitation . The chal- 

 lenges and opportunities are unlimited. 



Senator Pell. Thank you very much, indeed. Congressman. It 

 was very nice of you to come over today. 



Congressman Keith, from the neighboring Commonwealth of 

 Massachusetts, was kind enough to come over toctay, too. 



STATEMENT OF HON. HASTINGS KEITH, A U.S. REPRESENTATIVE 

 IN CONGRESS FROM THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS 



Mr. Keith. Mr. Chairman, thank you for giving me this opportu- 

 nity to speak before your committee in support of the sea grant colleges 

 bill. 



The bill, in my view, m.eets squarely some of the major weaknesses in 

 our national oceanographic program. I have recently returned from 

 a trip behind the Iron Curtain with the purpose of evaluating Soviet 

 progress in oceanography and marine science in general for the Mer- 

 chant Marine and Fisheries Committee. The Soviets clearly are 

 putting high priority on the ocean sciences. They have perhaps two 

 or three times as many people working in these areas as we do. More- 

 over each of their ocean scientists has more technicians to back him 

 up than do our scientists. We have approximately 1,000 professional 

 level oceanographers and perhaps 2,000 ocean technicians, while the 

 Russians have about 1,500 scientists with about 7,000 technicians. 



One result of this concentration of manpower has been that the 

 Soviets are leading us in the applied areas of oceanography. They 

 are very effective at translating iDasic research into technology. Al- 

 though most experts agree that we are still ahead in basic research, 

 we learned in Moscow that the Soviets are putting new efforts into 

 this area. They are upgrading the Institute of Oceanology, their 

 basic research institute, so we may see new competition in this area. 



Moreover in the Soviet Union advanced technology is applied to 

 fisheries far more than it is in this country. The Russians fish on 

 large factory ships spread over much of the world's ocean. Some of 

 their techniques that we learned about were explosions to bring the 

 fish briefly to the surface and fish elevators to help spawning fish to go 

 upstream over dams. They appear to have done a great deal with fish 

 farming and other modern techniques. All these are areas to which 

 I do not believe we have been giving adequate attention. 



The sea grant college could meet much of this problem because its 

 emphasis is on practical education and applied research. One of our 

 major problems in fishing has b(!?n that the ordinary fishermen are 



