SEA GRANT COLLEGES 205 



of ocean-related sciences. The first result and the principal one was the estab- 

 lishment of a new campus of the University of California in San Diego. It was 

 agreed that a school of oceanography could not flourish unless it were closely 

 associated with a university that had flrst-rate departments in the basic sciences 

 and engineering. One of the great results was the growth of our efforts in geo- 

 physics through the associated branch of the Institute of Geophysics and Plane- 

 tary Physics locally headed by Prof. Walter Munk and statewide by Prof. W. 

 Libby. A school of marine science that is isolated from a tirst-rate campus is 

 a poor concept in this day and age. We at Scriitps feel that this development 

 of the Scripps Institution and the University of California has been good and 

 we expect even more dramatic results in the future. 



We have proceeded perhaps too cautiously in one area that is of interest to 

 your discussions, and that is the area of formal education in applied ocean 

 science, sometimes called ocean engineering. Our faculty also has discussed 

 the question many times in the last 10 years, and we have reached some tentative 

 conclusions v^ith which we are experimenting right now in some of our courses 

 in oceanography and which we hope to establish on a broad and surer basis in 

 cooperation with our department of engineering, headed by Prof. S. Penner. 



In this foregoing introduction to the past and continuing contributions of the 

 Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the University of California to the 

 "practical" use of the oceans, I perhaps have pressaged the gist of my remain- 

 ing discussion, in which I will present some of the abundant evidences that the 

 reduction of the ocean realm to mankind's use encompasses far more than ocean 

 engineering or fisheries as we conventionally think of them. I would like to ac- 

 knowledge the help of my colleague Prof. John Isaacs in the preparation of this 

 section. 



Indeed (and I will presently offer you more examples), in the sea the inter- 

 action of the physical motions, waves, and currents ; the complex chemicals that 

 the sea contains ; its active organisms ; and its geographical features and sedi- 

 ments, act and interact in such manifold and complex ways as to preclude most 

 simple single disciplinary approaches to its exploration and use. 



When, to these complexities of the sea, we add the cosmic complexities of man, 

 his motivations, economics, laws and need, it is clear why at Scripps we have 

 concerned ourselves only partly with ocean engineering as to its structural, 

 mechanical, or electrical aspects, or fisheries to its problems of acquisition and 

 management. 



We thus have been convinced that ocean technology and engineering must be 

 very broadly defined and approached, and we have striven to enlarge its com- 

 pass to the entire interdisciplinary field of "the purposeful intervention into the 

 ocean for the practical needs of mankind." 



In this view ocean technology and engineering fully parallels, derives from, 

 and supports the entire range of the science of oceanography, which deals with 

 the "intellectual needs of mankind" in its fundamental motivation, rather than 

 the practical needs. 



Ocean technology and engineering, however, extends farther than oceanog- 

 raphy, for it must define and inquire into practical "needs" and concern itself 

 with industrial and defense economics to some considerable degree. 



With this compass of ocean technology in mind, I will outline and briefly dis- 

 cuss the scope of the viewpoints to which the definition gives rise. 



First I will reiterate the part of the field that is now reduced to practice. 



Many needs of man are now supplied by the ocean. A substantial number of 

 these cases are sufficiently well understood that research is mainly only an ad- 

 junct to specific utilization — assessing the effects of the utilization and dealing 

 with improvements. Such cases can be classed as "industrial research" and in- 

 clude much of the activity in waste disposal, fish and seaweed harvest, beach 

 construction and erosion control, shallow water petroleum production, marine 

 architecture and transport, harbor engineering, military equipment, near-shore 

 structures, undersea cable, marine instruments, etc. 



In these cases there exists a body of knowledge and a fund of operational 

 know-how and equipment that permits the instruction of and profitable enijjloy- 

 ment of "jiractilioners" in ocean technology for both the industrial operations 

 and the industrial research. 



Construction and research of this type is, of course, essential to man's effective 

 utillzatif>n of the ocean environment, nnd can be adequately carried out by tech- 

 nical schools and research institutions. Much of the research is of a specific 

 nature and does not intimately [)arallel the re-carch of disciplinary oceanog- 

 raphy. 



