SEA GRANT COLLEGES 215 



These are: First, the role of basic research and education; second, 

 the role of the Great Lakes; and third, I would like to mention a few 

 points about the marine sciences program at the University of 

 Wisconsin. 



Role of basic research and education : The development of the sea 

 grant colleges as centers of excellence for the study of the oceans 

 and the Great Lakes must be founded on sound educational and basic 

 research programs. Clearly the successful translation of new 

 knowledge into useful information for practical application depends 

 ultimately on a dependable supply of new knowledge. The success 

 of the land grant college program is ample proof of this. 



A broadly based education program is also absolutely essential 

 for maintaining effective communication between scientists and the 

 public. This educational program should not be limited to full-time 

 students, but should also provide expanded opportunities for profes- 

 sional and industrial people to learn new skills or revitalize their 

 present skills. 



There is a need to increase the numbers of marine scientists at all 

 levels. As pointed out in the American Society of Limnology and 

 Oceanog-raphy report on "Education and Recruitment of Oceanog- 

 raphers in the United States" : 



Recruits have been drawn from two sources : 



1. Men trained in the basic sciences and other subjects related to marine 

 sciences ; and 



2. The graduates of university departments of oceanography. 



The report goes on to point out that the first source has provided 

 most of the staff of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and 

 several Government agencies engaged in oceanographic research. The 

 large graduate schools of the midwestern universities have contributed 

 a large share of these. Many Ph. D.'s from the University of Wis- 

 consin in the last few years have gone directly into the marine sciences 

 in both Government agencies and universities. 



In order to accomplish the aims of the sea grant college concept 

 there must be an effective working relationship between the natural 

 and social science and engineering groups. This is especially true 

 when water resources are involved. Such a problem as the deteriora- 

 tion of water quality in the Great Lakes or any other multiple use 

 always requires the cooperation of specialists from many fields for 

 its solution. At the University of Wisconsin we have a long tradi- 

 tion of interdisciplinary work on natural waters. As an example, one 

 of our major efforts has been directed toward the problem of artificial 

 eutrophication (overfertilization) of natural waters. Bacteriologists, 

 biochemists, botanists, chemists, geologists, meteorologists, and zo- 

 ologists have worked together for nearly two decades on this problem 

 to understand the process of natural and artificial eutrophication and 

 its fundamental causes. Our engineers have developed water weed 

 harvesting machines and our sanitary engineers and water chemists 

 have identified and evaluated the sources of nutrients and are develop- 

 ing schemes to eliminate these. Over the years more than 14 uni- 

 versity departments have been actively involved in this program alone. 

 Because of this the National i\cademy of Sciences has selected the 

 University of Wisconsin as the site for nn iiileriiational symposium 

 on eutrophication to be held in July 10C7. 



