SEA GRANT COLLEGES 217 



meteorological processes. Many air-sea interactions can be better 

 studied here than in the sea. Their circulations vaiy from short-term, 

 wind-driven motions to longer term quasi-permanent circulations; 

 free and inertial oscillations, both surface and internal, and much 

 more easily studied than in the oceans. Since most oceanographic 

 processes occur in these lakes, they represent an ideal training ground 

 for students. 



Sea grant colleges in the Midwest could take full advantage of the 

 Great Lakes and could play a major role in the management and pres- 

 ervation of these unique bodies of water. It may be instructive at this 

 point to mention the major research and training institution recently 

 established on Lake Baikal in the Soviet LTnion. This impressive in- 

 stitution was described in detail last August by Eussian scientists at 

 the International Limnology Congress in Warsaw, Poland. This in- 

 ternational congress also gave major emphasis to the Great Lakes of 

 the world when it met at the LTniversity of Wisconsin in 1963. 



Marine sciences at the LTniversity of Wisconsin : The marine sciences 

 program of the University of Wisconsin is characterized by numerous 

 separate research projects in various departments such as geology, 

 meteorology", civil engineering, and zoology. These research activi- 

 ties range from the study of the world ocean and the Great Lakes to 

 experiments using smaller lakes as laboratory models of oceanic 

 processes. We have recently established a Ph. D. program in ocean- 

 ography. We have also set up a center for Great Lakes studies at 

 Mihvaukee. 



With modern transportation, scientists anywhere in the LTnited 

 States are only hours away from the sea. Hudson Bay is less than 700 

 miles from the campus of the University of Wisconsin. It is readily 

 accessible by modern research aircraft, and I might mention that we 

 are already taking advantage of its relative proximity to make in- 

 frared surveys of its surface temperature. Hurricane research is an- 

 other of our activities in which we are directly concerned with the sea. 

 Wisconsin scientists have also been active in ship and airborne studies 

 of the Arctic Ocean. Our geophysicists are cooperating in the Mohole 

 project near Hawaii. Marine biologists at the University of Wiscon- 

 sin now collaborate with marine laboratories at Duke LTniversity, the 

 LTniversity of Hawaii, the University of Washington, the University 

 of British Columbia, and the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 

 From these examples it is clear that geography presents few problems 

 to the modern oceanographer. 



When viewed as a whole we believe these research and educational 

 activities represent a "critical mass" which could serve as a nucleus 

 for an even broader based marine science program as envisioned by 

 the Sea Grant College and Program Act. 



In conclusion I wish to repeat I speak for the LTniversity of Wiscon- 

 sin as a whole in endorsing this bill and recommend that it receive 

 favorable consideration from your committee. 



Senator Pell. Thank you very much indeed, Dr. Ragotzkie. 



One question here in connection with this matching funds provision. 

 I have been informed I was incorrect in saying the National Science 

 Foundation never did have matching fund programs. It has a 50-50 

 matching facilities program. Also there is the development program 

 that was matching requirements. 



