240 SEA GRAA^T COLLEGES 



oceans will affect societies most directly and on a multiplicity of levels, 

 beginning with the daily lives of average citizens, their food, standard 

 of living, location and type of employment, and ending with such 

 problems as territorial expansion of nations into the oceans, and 

 atmospheric control as a means of international pressure. vSocial 

 scientists — including students of domestic politics, sociologists, special- 

 ists in international relations, militarj^ strategists, and economists — 

 will need training in potential implications of marine sciences and 

 technologies. Extensive research will have to be conducted to deter- 

 mine, as precisely as possible, the present and future social needs, 

 including economic, political, and military, and the extent to which 

 marine science and technologies can meet these needs. 



Similarly, oceanographers and related scientists will require broader 

 training in social problems so that they can appreciate tliese problems 

 better and direct their research tovrard those goals w^hich are socially 

 most meaningful. 



The need for this kind of education and research should be specifi- 

 cally recognized in the bill. If we approach the problem of exploiting 

 the potential of the oceans only from the point of view of scientific and 

 technological capabilities and fail to subject them to a careful scrutiny 

 and control from the point of view of social needs and implications, we 

 are likely to open a Pandora's box of waste in resources and efforts, 

 overlapping of institutions and programs, and potential international 

 tension and conflict. A balanced approach which would carefully 

 integrate technological capabilities and social considerations should 

 provide us with a sense of direction and should enable us to control 

 our future as a nation. 



My second point — the necessity of considering the exploitation of 

 the oceans' potential not only from the point of view of the American 

 economy, but also from that of our foreign policy and defense — was, in 

 part, discussed in ni}^ earlier remarks on the contribution of the oceans 

 to national power and vitality. Here I want to elaborate on some 

 aspects directly relevant to the legislation on hand. 



By reaching out for resources from the oceans — and they lie pre- 

 ponderantly outside of the territory of the ITnited States — we auto- 

 matically move into the area where foreign policy and military con- 

 siderations prevail. To avoid conflict among the three basic interests 

 involved — the economic, foreign policy, and military — a keen apprecia- 

 tion of the areas of their interdependence and potential mutual support 

 is necessary. Training of personnel and research for this purpose will 

 be needed. Appropriate progi'ams at selected sea grant colleges could 

 and should fulfill this need. 



There is one particularly weighty reason why the interests of the 

 American economy with respect to the oceans cannot afford to be dis- 

 associtaed from those of foreign policy and defense. No doubt, there 

 are distinct benefits which the exploitation of the potential of the 

 oceans can provide to the U.S. economy now^ and in the near future, 

 if proper technologies are developed. However, America's needs for 

 raw materials and other resources from the oceans are by far not as 

 great as those of some other countries, since the United States is rea- 

 sonably well endowed w^ith natural resources or has access to them. 

 Resources from the oceans will have to meet the competition of alterna- 

 tive sources of supply and, in the case of the United States, that com- 



