CONTENTS 



FOREWORD ii 



INTRODUCTION 1 



ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT 7 



U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office 8 



U. S. Naval Weather Service Command 11 



NAVIGATION AND SAFETY AT SEA 15 



Navigation Tools 15 



Promotion of Safety at Sea 22 



SURVEYING THE OCEANS (HYDROGRAPHIC) 25 



Surveying for Navigational Hazards (Port, 



Harbor and Coastal) 27 



Photogrammetry and Aerial Photography 27 



Surveying the Depths (Bathymetric Surveying) 29 



Geodetic Surveying 31 



Magnetic Surveying 34 



Gravity Surveying 38 



SURVEYING THE OCEANS (OCEANOGRAPHIC) 41 



Geological Formations 41 



Currents 43 



Waves 46 



Physical and Chemical Properties 47 



Sound Propagation 50 



Marine Life 52 



Ice 54 



Range Surveys 56 



CHARTING THE OCEANS FOR SAFE NAVIGATION. . . 58 



Nautical Charting 58 



Aeronautical Charting 61 



Flight Information and Publications 62 



World Magnetic Charting 64 



Special Purpose Charts 67 



Automation of Chart Production 71 



iv 



