INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 105 



pilation, and dissemination. Another major cooperative effort 

 has been exerted through the International Oceanographic 

 Commission. The Navy has also participated in major international 

 programs such as the International Geophysical Year, the Inter- 

 national Indian Ocean Expedition, and the International 

 Cooperative Investigation of the Tropical Atlantic, among others. 

 Less well known, but equally important, are the various cooper- 

 ative enterprises undertaken bilaterally with the institutions of 

 other nations. 



In the field of hydrography the Oceanographic Office maintains 

 a continuing program of chart and navigational information 

 exchange with other nations. Under bilateral agreements, it 

 conducts surveys of foreign waters with the participation of the 

 host nations, thus adding significantly to international under- 

 standing, development, and progress. As of September 1967, 

 bilateral facsimile chart reproduction agreements were in effect 

 with twelve nations (Brazil, Canada, the Federal Republic of 

 Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the 

 Republic of the Philippines, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, and 

 the Netherlands); Harbor Survey Assistance Program agreements 

 were in effect with five nations. Under the latter, harbor surveys 

 are conducted jointly, not only for the purpose of producing 

 improved charts for commerce and national economic development, 

 but also to enhance the in-country hydrographic surveying 

 capability. 



Oceanographers from the Naval Oceanographic Office have 

 participated in exchange of scientists agreements with the 

 United Kingdom and Australia. Such exchanges of oceanog- 

 raphers have been mutually beneficial in the fields of long range 

 sonar, oceanographic surveying, and oceanographic instrumen- 

 tation. In this same vein the Naval Oceanographic Office 

 annually conducts training for foreign military and civilian 

 personnel. Hydrographic Engineering and Basic Oceanography 

 are taught jointly as a one-year course while Applied Oceanography 

 is a four-month course. During the past twelve years, 220 

 students from 35 foreign nations have graduated from these 

 courses. Many graduates of this curriculum have risen to prom- 

 inent positions in their own naval and maritime communities. 

 The rapport this program has fostered between hydrographic 



