58 MARINE SCIENCE 
1.2.2.5. Coastal dynamics of the California Current system—the physics, 
chemistry, ecology, and structure of upwelling and the countercurrent (including 
the impact on contiguous area).—Upwelling is one of the important physical 
variables with respect to fisheries. Despite its importance it is poorly under- 
stood, particularly with reference to its causes, its relation to topography, and 
its ultimate effect on higher trophic levels such as fishes. Thus even though 
a careful analysis of past data might provide estimates of variation in up- 
welling, they will furnish no indication of how these variations might affect, for 
example, the sardine, the anchovy, or the salmons. Though it is important, all 
over the world, the California Current system offers the best opportunity for 
definitive study from the point of logistics, background information, and im- 
portance. 
What is needed is a comprehensive theory, tested with field measurements. A 
number of recording stations must be moored in the upwelling region to 
ascertain— 
A. The location of the primary upwelling in the upwelling areas. (Some 
evidence points to primary upwelling over the axis of canyons.) 
B. Chemical, radiochemical, and biological indications of upwelling. 
C. An evaluation of the effect of upwelling on production and on the dis- 
tribution and abundance of animals generally. 
D. A workable theory of upwelling. 
E. A comparative history of upwelling in the California Current system. 
Inseparably tied in with a study of upwelling must be a study of the counter- 
current. Both undoubtedly are different manifestations of the same general 
dynamics. 
The principal mechanism by which the waters of the California Current system 
are reinoculated with the southern organisms must be the countercurrent. In 
addition, the transport of the southerly spawned pelagic fish larvae to the 
northern part of their range must be by this mechanism. There are many 
mysteries about this current. 
What is needed is— 
A. Measurements and a dynamic description of its onset structure and 
dissolution ; 
B. An extension of theory to permit analysis of past data ; 
Cc. A study of the comparative strengths of the countercurrent in the 
past; and 
D. Effects on organisms. 
These two near-shore studies must be integrated, as they must develop their 
description and theory from interrelated phenomena. 
Budget: 
Personnel session teccenok elect ei eee ee eee $100, 000 
Supplies and equipment__-----__----_-__--__~_------..-=-----= 30, 000 
Vessel) tim@s: 32 ot¢e.2. 22 a ee ee 100, 000 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (5 years) total annual 
OSE eR a eae 230, 000 
1.2.2.6. Bioassay of organic micronutrients in the sea.—This proposal is di- 
rected toward improving existing bioassay techniques, adapting the methodology 
to cruises, and applying the techniques as a survey and research tool. 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (2 years) cost per year__________ $15, 000 
Total uCOS tire 2x2 ete 8 he I ee aa Rae a 30, 000 
1.2.2.7. Relations between populations of marine organisms and the environ- 
ment.—This includes research support for five graduate students and one 
faculty member in marine ecology, and is a continuing program. AS an ex- 
ample, one of the studies underway is a study of phytoplankton distribution and 
abundance, and its relation to physical and chemical properties in the ocean. 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (continuing) annual cost____-- $10, 000 
1.2.2.8. Taxonomic and ecological study of northeastern Pacific tripylean 
radiolaria,.—This is a study aimed at clarifying the classification of these or- 
ganisms, and elucidating their ecology. It is felt that the results will be par- 
ticularly useful in a broader respect as preliminary studies suggest these radio- 
larians will be valuable water mass indicators. 
Scripps Institution of Oceanography (2 years) annual cost____--__--- $14, 000 
