92 MARINE SCIENCE 
lationships between the different components of ocean populations 
and their environment, particularly those requiring group effort and 
correlation of physical, chemical, biological and, in coastal waters, 
geological factors. Thus, although the marine biologist, for ex- 
ample, may confine his attention to a single species or even individual 
organism the biological oceanographer, concerned with the inter- 
action of biological processes and environmental variables involved: 
in the production, distribution and fluctuations of populations, can- 
not profitably operate alone, and should have basic training in physi- 
eal, chemical, and geological oceanography. For this university ma- 
rine laboratories will need added personnel. To attain them, over 
rapid growth at a sacrifice of high standards and time-consuming 
technological services, which restrict basic research effort, should not 
be necessary. The proposed Division of Marine Sciences in the Na- 
tional Science Foundation would provide an effective means for 
decentralization of Federal support and coordination of effort. - 
Added buildings and vessels will also be needed to expand the 
scope and area of operations. It is not proposed that each university 
laboratory be equipped with a large research vessel and attempt to 
encompass an entire ocean in its program. This can best be left to 
the larger institutions able to participate in international cooperative 
rojects. cin 
> Tf provided with smaller, but seaworthy vessels of approximately 
500 tons or more, university marine stations could extend their re- 
search and training programs from estuarine waters seaward over 
the Continental Shelf and slope. These two areas are the least under- 
stood and together with the inner estuarine zone support the greater 
part of the marine life utilized by man. 
The inadequacy of American oceanographic information during 
World War II, contrasted with that previously acquired by the 
enemy, proved a serious disadvantage to those concerned with the 
operational aspects of undersea—mine and submarine—warfare. 
When I located the Japanese Navy’s oceanographic records at the end 
of the war it was found that up to 55 vessels had operated from 
1929 until 1943 in a carefully coordinated oceanographic program 
covering the Pacific and Pacific arctic waters. The coastal prefec- 
tures, corresponding to our coastways States, were provided with 
small laboratories and seagoing ships by the Japanese Government, 
and the Government coordinated this program so they operated con- 
tinually, getting a wealth of information which was most useful. 
_ The Cuairman. Doctor, to illustrate how far behind we were, I can 
illustrate an experience that I had during World War II. I got lib- 
erty leave to come back to the mainland and I was called by the Navy 
Department and asked if I wouldn’t go up to Alaska and find about 
four fishermen who had fished the Aleutian Islands, I was given au- 
thority to commission them, because we didn’t have charts of the 
Aleutian Islands. The Japanese were in Kiska and Attu. I got four 
fishermen, gave them commissions, and they literally stood on the 
prow of the warships and guided them. This is how far behind we 
were. 
Dr. Fisu. I can understand that. 
Insufficient information on the character and rate of fouling growth 
could have been very costly in our own coastal defense. It is believed 
