MARINE SCIENCE 95 
Institution, 1946-48; director, Narragansett Marine Laboratory and professor 
of marine biology, University of Rhode Island, 1948. U.S. Navy, Mine Warfare 
Operational Research Group, 1942-46. Captain, U.S.N.R. (Ret.), 1960. 
Awards: James Manning Scholar, Brown University, 1921; Morgan Edwards 
research fellow, 1921-22; Secretary of Navy Commendation Ribbon, 1945; 
Legion of Merit, 1946. 
Member: Amrican Society of Limnology and Oceanography; fellow, Amer- 
ican Association for the Advancement of Science; Officier d’Academie, Republic 
of France; Bermuda Biological Station, Atlantic Fishery Biologists; Phi Beta 
Kappa; Sigma Xi; Phi Sigma ; Phi Kappa Phi. 
Scientific contributions in boreo-arctic, temperate and subtropical biological 
oceanography ; Great Lakes limnology ; military oceanography. 
The CuHarrman. Dr. Ewing, director of the Lamont Geological 
Observatory, Columbia University. We are glad to hear from you, 
doctor. 
STATEMENT OF DR. MAURICE EWING, DIRECTOR, LAMONT, GEO- 
LOGICAL OBSERVATORY, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, PALISADES, 
N.Y. 
Dr. Ewrne. Thank you, Senator. I am very grateful for the 
privilege of appearing here. 
I am Maurice Ewing, a member of the National Academy of 
Sciences’ Committee on Oceanography, Higgins professor of geology 
in Columbia University, and director of Columbia’s Lamont Geo- 
logical Observatory. 
Marine research has been one of my principal fields of activity since 
1935, and during the past 20 years I have averaged over 3 months 
per year at sea in charge of the work on a research vessel, and I still 
maintain that average. I have participated in the planning and execu- 
tion of the majority of Lamont’s research programs, in the design 
and construction of much of our equipment, in the founding of our 
laboratory, and in the development of its staff. We have built this 
institution from nothing during the period when Government sup- 
port of academic research in the marine sciences has been developed 
from a very modest beginning to its present volume. We have seen the 
problems of Federal support of marine research from their infancy. 
Our research group has been built largely on the basis of Federal 
support. 
The most severe limitations on this development has been the dif_i- 
culty of obtaining laboratories and shore facilities, and in establishing 
faculty positions. 
We have been able to overcome some of these obstacles and grow 
to our present condition through extremely fine cooperation of the 
Office of Naval Research, the National Science Foundation, and sev- 
eral private foundations. 
My formal training is in physics and mathematics. My research has 
been about half in oceanography—broadly defined—and about half 
in other branches of geophysics. 
1. Perhaps it is because my scientific interests and activities extend 
beyond the broadest definitions of oceanography that I appraise the 
rank of the marine sciences, in the hierarchy of all of the sciences, as 
a rather modest one. And here I speak with the knowledge that you, 
Senator, know a lot more about the National Science Foundation than 
I do, but I give you my opinion for what it is worth. 
