MARINE SCIENCE 97 
and consistently supported the idea that useful instruments are likely 
‘to originate in the minds of the potential users and nowhere else. If 
industry or the “systems and instrument men” are called in too soon, 
or are given control of instrumentation budgets, waste will result. 
‘Therefore, I propose that the sums labeled “instruments” be com- 
bined with those labeled “research” and controlled by the research 
scientists. The man who wants to create an instrument just to create 
an instrument—assuming or hoping that someone else will adapt that 
instrument for some useful purpose—is usually harmful. An instru- 
ment or instrument system for research is only useful if it provides 
information that is wanted, and provides it as conveniently as pos- 
‘sible. It is the people who want that information who should either 
create the instruments or decide on their main operating character- 
istics and contract their construction out to industry. 
The Cuatrman. I think, Doctor, that is a good suggestion for the 
‘bill. Of course when you say I have had more experience in one field, 
-you have had much more in this. That is a good suggestion. In other 
words these are things which don’t come up in production. 
Dr. Ewine. The following points do not relate directly to Senator 
Magnuson’s bill, but to general questions of Federal support of scien- 
‘tific research in the United States—particularly research in the ma- 
rine sciences—and I will speak about only the part of it of which I 
have firsthand knowledge; namely, geophysical and geological in- 
vestigations in the deep oceans. However, many of the conclusions 
apply to many other branches of scientific research. 
a) Support should go principally to individuals or to groups built 
around a core or team of individuals who have shown that they have 
productivity, viability, and a marked ability to work together. When 
this principle is ignored and massive support is poured in to create 
a big research organization with the idea of filling it in with the avail- 
able people, the institution usually fails or requires a number of years 
before it becomes really creative and productive. In the meantime, 
it has vast crippling and destructive effects, for by overshadowing the 
efforts of smaller creative groups it can spoil their morale, wreck their 
budgets, rob them of personnel, and effectively disrupt the organiza- 
tion. That would be along the lines which Roger Revelle mentioned 
of opposing the creation of a big structure that it would hope would 
develop into a national oceanographic institution. r 
The Cuamman. And this is the sort of thing that, whatever kind 
of group or agency or coordinating activity is set: up, this is the sort 
‘of decisions which they would have to make. This is one Congress 
can’t make. 
Dr. Ewine. It might be persuaded to try to make it. That is what 
Tam afraid of. 
_ The Cuatrman. I hope that we don’t try to become oceanographers; 
although I might qualify for admission. 
Dr. Ewine. In most fields of scientific research today there are two 
‘principal. requirements for productivity: an expensive, carefully 
created: complex of equipment and facilities, and a well-integrated 
team of talented, cooperative scientists who like to work with each 
other. Such units must be grown. A research institution cannot sim- 
ply be assembled by effective, adequately financed management. No 
matter how excellent the management, how good the intentions, how 
