124 MARINE SCIENCE 
The Cuamman. That ought to be a prototype for a lot of future 
plans which we have. 
Dr. Vin. These preliminary studies should nearly always be done 
at the laboratory and by naval architects who visit the laboratories 
and individual scientists frequently. Commercial architects offer 
much in their being geographically close to the laboratory in question 
and in their varied experience with small craft. 
The Cuatrman. They have a naval architect firm now. 
Dr. Vine. Yes, sir. 
Free interchange and criticism of ideas and plans seem to be all the 
design control that is needed or advisable. 
Oceanwide survey: One trend in oceanwide surveys appears to be 
that an overall systems design and cost study covering objectives, in- 
struments, ship design, and operating costs will help decide the best 
and the most economical expenditure of money. For example, the 
speed and size of a ship, the size of its technical and operating crew, 
the type of instruments it carries, all represent large factors in the 
overall efficiency of a survey operation. 
Another promising trend is that it now appears both practical and 
wise to build echo sounders that record a three-dimensional picture of 
the bottom over a wide path on each side of the ship instead of pro- 
ducing only a single line of soundings. Such an echo sounder should 
revolutionize the ability of a ship to explore and survey bottom 
features. Two years ago our recommendations did not seriously count 
on assistance from the U.S. space program but we now believe naviga- 
tion satellites such as Transit may become a standard all-ocean, all- 
weather navigation aid much sooner than we had dared hope for. 
Research ships offer a splendid opportunity for realistic evaluation. 
The Cuairman. What is your laison now with the space group? 
Dr. Vine. It has been very good. 
The Cuarrman. It ought to be good, because they are going to 
endorse this program. They feel it is important, and they ought to 
be working with you. 
Dr. Vine. We have been most heartened by our contacts. This is 
an excellent example. 
The Cratrman. If I give them enough money, they ought to be 
able to spill a little bit over on your side of it. 
Dr. Viys. This is an excellent example of where an advance in 
one field certainly does help another. 
The amount of data reduction equipment on ships is increasing 
and will continue to increase. This will result in better coordination 
with the National Oceanographic Data Center. 
The above examples are to show that oceanwide surveys can be- 
come much more productive than appeared practical 2 years ago, 
but they should give many times as much data and information. 
Deep manned vehicles: During the past 2 years the bathyscaph 
Trieste has made a record dive to the deepest part of the oceans but 
it has not had mother ship support for oceanographic research. Sim- 
ilarly on the east coast the deep submersible program involving Alum- 
inaut is nearly underway but the problems of an appropriate mother 
ship have yet to be solved. 
The Cuatrman. Jacques Piccard left here just 2 weeks ago. He 
has been working on a new project. In fact, he was up here and 
talked to us. 
