MARINE SCIENCE 133 
It is not necessary for me to point out the implications of the pro- 
posed oceanographic research program to our national defense. Dur- 
ing the course of these hearings, you will hear from more expert 
witnesses on that subject. There is, of course, an ideological factor 
involved in this program or, if you wish, our national prestige— 
about which we heard so much in the last presidential campaign— 
is at stake. The Soviet Union, as you all know, is rapidly expanding 
its fishing fleets and constantly increasing its production of fishery 
products. And there are good reasons for its success. You, Mr. Chair- 
man, have stated that— 
Russia does not send out a single fishing boat, and they are operating on the 
Seven Seas, unless six or eight oceanographers are abroad. 
The Cuairman. That is on the large ones. 
Mr. Broopvine. That is right. 
The Cuamrman. The bull of the large ones have a pretty good team 
of oceanographers aboard. 
Mr. Broopine. I venture to say that all of the smaller ones have 
proportionately good teams of oceanographers. 
It is not necessary, either, to point out the fact that our American 
seafood industry must compete on the high seas with its Soviet 
counterpart as well as with the fishing industries of many other 
nations, both friendly and unfriendly to our way of life. Many of 
these nations are far ahead of ours in the study of oceanography. 
For example, in the North Pacific Ocean we have some of the world’s 
greatest fisheries resources. The use of these resources by ourselves, 
but more particularly by other nations, is expanding with great rapid- 
ity, and will develop even more rapidly in the future. 
In my experience it is Imperative that we should have broad basic 
knowledge of the marine resources and the factors which control 
their abundance and distribution as far in advance as possible. This 
means that we must have answers before the questions are asked. The 
expansion of foreign fisheries throughout the world and in waters 
adjacent to our own coasts is proceeding with great rapidity, and will 
remain out of our control unless we can present convincing scientific 
evidence over broad fields of the oceanographic sciences. 
Our lack of knowledge of marine sciences is, quite frankly, appall- 
ing. We need to know a great deal more about fish migrations, 
currents, the contours of the ocean floor, and similar phenomena. At 
present, the fishing fleets which supply our fish canners are required 
to spend long hours in seach of their fish. If we can learn more about 
the effects of various natural phenomena upon fish movements, we 
can reduce the time required for the catch and, thereby, reduce sig- 
nificantly our costs of production. In other words, the more we 
learn, the more we can increase the efficiency of our production. The 
lower the cost per ton of production by our fisherman, the lower will 
be the cost per can of fish to the housewife. 
The high seas fishery resources we use are not under our exclusive 
control. Some are located in an international area subject to ex- 
ploitation by all nations. The vast research program required to 
enable us to maintain and expand our share of these international 
fishery resources could not be justified on the basis of the interests of 
the fish canning industry alone. However, when we lump together 
our common interests in the national defense, the level of our na- 
