MARINE SCIENCE 143 
You will have a bloom, for instance in Long Island Sound. These 
blooms occur periodically. Why, sir, can you get this organism, 
much like you have that one stalk of corn out in the field, which 
grows 10 feet high? You take it and put it where? In your labo- 
ratory you nurture it, culture it, and reproduce it. Then you test 
it and see what it can do. This is what we want to do, sir; bring 
these things into the laboratory, see what they can do. We need 
the oceanographer. We need the salinity data, phosphate, nitrate, 
all of this information to give us a framework so that we can reason- 
ably build experiments which will give us some idea of the potential 
of the organisms to exist in the environment. The Alaskan clam, 
the gonyaulax which the doctor made reference to, no one knew 
where this toxin was coming from. Now we have the organism in 
cultures, as you know. You can extract the toxin from the organism. 
In a refrigerator in New York we can put a lot of people out of 
business with the toxin you can get from growing this toxin in bulk 
in a laboratory under controlled conditions. Now we can tell under 
what conditions does it die off; what are the limits of its metabolism; 
what light intensities. Again oceanography tells us the turbulence 
‘of water, et cetera. 
The other phase of the work which is most important for us is this: 
I don’t know whether you have seen coral reefs. If you have been 
in the South Pacific, you have. They are things of great beauty. 
All the invertebrate animals of the coral reef have symbionts in their 
tissues. These algae force these animals to orientate toward the 
sun. It is analogous to a tree telling us which way to turn. Beau- 
tiful anemones with the long tentacles, loaded with the symbionts 
organisms. 
We have been able by certain techniques to extract the algae cells 
from the animal, grow the cells, axenically, study their nutrition, 
physiology, to determine what their relationship between this plant 
and this animal is. 
One of the things which bothers me, and we always talk about this, 
is how does the animal know the algae is there; how does it know 
enough to turn around to the sun? If you take these animals now 
and bleach them out by putting them in the dark and cutting off 
photosynthesis, they don’t care where the sun is. You permit them 
to grow symbionts back in again, and the animals will orientate to 
the sun. | 
T am sure you will recall that from one of the reprints. 
These are the fascinating things. I love to do this work. If you 
ever go down 20 feet and sit in the bottom and look at the side of a 
coral reef, there is such beauty there. This is what keeps you going 
many times when the organisms don’t grow. 
In this type of research which I feel can excite the minds of the 
young. When I have lectured at various universities and made the 
same point with them. How does the animal know that the plant is 
there and how does the animal know there is the sun overhead, and 
extend its tentacle straight up, and, when it goes down, to move over. 
This brings in potentially psychologists, biochemists, a whole wealth 
of marine orientated biologists, pharmacologists. This is what we 
are trying to do, we are trying to grab these people. If you make it 
possible for us to support them with grants and research facilities, 
