146 MARINE SCIENCE 
the opportunities that have been provided in recent years to enable 
students to pursue academic training in oceanography. 
In recognition of the continuing importance of the ocean sciences. 
to the Armed Forces, in 1946 a Division of Oceanography was estab- 
lished in the Hydrographic Office and I was appomted as its first 
Director. In the ensuing 5 years, during which the Division grew to 
a complement of over 200, my principal concern was the entirely 
inadequate number of professionally trained applicants for the avail- 
able positions. Several universities were offering postgraduate courses 
but the supply of oceanographers was far too small to meet our needs. 
To carry on the surveys with the vessels assigned to the oceanographic 
program once again required on-the-job trainmg. The initiation of 
a data compilation project, that has just recently reached maturity 
as the National Oceanographic Data Center, had to be undertaken 
by a group with but little experience in oceanography. Fortunately, 
we were able to call upon meteorologists to start a program of ice 
forecasting that has proved to be so valuable in recent years with 
expanded naval operations in high latitudes. A measure of the effec- 
tiveness of the work carried on during these difficult years is the 
recent expansion of the activities of the Hydrographic Office. 
The Cuatrman. Doctor, you are doing better all the time, but the 
military problems of undersea warfare are still there. They become 
even more so than when you were at San Diego because of the new 
types of things we are developing, the military material. 
I am not sure, considering the whole, that the problems are not 
even greater after more than 20 years than they were in San Diego. 
Dr. Fiemine. I think it was mentioned several times this morning, 
particularly by Dr. Donaldson, that in certain areas we have only 
learned enough to begin to recognize the problems that face us. 
I would certainly agree with you that this is exactly the case in these 
problems of undersea warfare and in military applications in general. 
The Cuatrman. I don’t like to continually mention some kind of 
a race in the world, for if the Soviet threat didn’t exist, those prob- 
lems would still be there. But with the existence of the Soviet threat 
and the known work that we know they are doing, surely that dictates 
that we do just what you are talking about in San Diego but in a 
stepped-up manner. 
Dr. Fiemine. Yes, sir. 
In 1951, after some 10 years as a frustrated “consumer” of oceanog- 
raphers, I welcomed the invitation to accept a position as head of the 
newly created Department of Oceanography at the University of 
Washington. The challenge of becoming a “producer” of oceanogra- 
phers was heightened by the added opportunity to develop an under- 
eraduate program in the subject—something that had not previously 
been attempted. I would like to stress several points. First, the 
process of building up a faculty and of attracting students is time 
consuming. Although our department has been in existence for nearly 
10 years, we are still revising and improving our course program. It 
also takes time to develop a supply of qualified students. Finally, it 
takes many years to produce a finished product. 
Our first undergraduate major who entered as a sophomore in 
1951 has recently completed his postgraduate training at Texas A. & M. 
College and has accepted an appointment to the faculty at Yale 
