MARINE SCIENCE 147 
University. The course of study is oceanography, at both the un- 
dergraduate and graduate levels, is demanding both in difficulty and 
in time. To obtain the necessary breadth in the basic sciences such 
as mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and geology, to develop 
a comprehensive understanding of oceanography, and to then achieve 
a depth of knowledge in some aspect of the biological, chemical, geo- 
logical, or physical characteristics of the sea, requires much more 
than is usually expected from a candidate for a graduate or post- 
graduate degree. Because most of our graduate students transfer 
into the department without previous training in oceanography, they 
are required to complete the comprehensive series of courses taken by 
undergraduate majors before they proceed to advanced studies. 
During the past few years, the numbers of undergraduate and grad- 
uate students in our department have been doubling every 2 years. 
Obviously, we have an abundant supply of potential students but we 
have already exceeded our capacity. We are now refusing admission 
to many well-prepared students because of insufficient teaching and 
research space and more particularly, because the small teaching fac- 
ulty is seriously overloaded. We, therefore, have at the present 
moment a pressing need for additional teaching staff and facilities if 
we are to contribute our full share to the supply of the trained scien- 
tific personnel required for the expanded program in the marine 
sciences. 
The purposes of a university are to preserve knowledge, to organ- 
ize knowledge, to impart knowledge and to extend knowledge. Unless 
these four functions are kept clearly im mind in the expansion of 
oceanography in the United States, serious imbalances will develop. 
To extend knowledge through research without adequate attention 
to the other phases of the educational process will create shortages 
in the future supply of scientific personnel. To divert faculties from 
their unique responsibilities for teaching and basic research by in- 
ducements—financial or otherwise—to work on applied problems or 
to accept employment in industry can be equally damaging. In terms 
of the present and future welfare of our country, it is obvious that a 
strong and vigorous academic program in the marine sciences is the 
very foundation of the entire plan outlined in 8. 901. 
The Coarrman. What is the situation generally. Say a good ocean- 
ographer has had proper training. There are, of course, many places 
for him in the teaching field, and I suspect some in Government. But 
what about in the private field, is there much opportunity for a young 
fellow who might be looking ahead who says, “If I don’t want to teach 
and I don’t want to go into Government, where am I going to go?” 
Dr. Fremrnc. Many of the larger commercial organizations now 
recognize not only the problems of the sea, but there are trained 
scientists called oceanographers who can assist them in their par- 
ticular program. There is an ever-increasing number of positions 
available in the geological field, particularly the exploration and 
drilling for petroleum. ' 
The Cuatrman. We haven’t touched much on minerals in this hear- 
ing. That’s the field that offers private employment. 
Dr. Fiemine. Yes, sir. 
The Cuamman. I would suggest that the pay is not too good in 
the other type. 
