150 MARINE SCIENCE 
gator or to the laboratory in a form that he can use. In other words, 
with some translated headings or with a key to the tables that make 
them immediately usable by the scientist. 
The Cuatirman. The data center, which is now down at the Navy, 
that envisions translations, too, does it not? Not only our own re- 
ports to correlate them, but I hope it envisions translations, too, in this 
field. 
Dr. Fieminec. This is in many ways an emergency approach to the 
problem. Again speaking as an educator, I would like to see as many 
of our scientists as possible capable of consulting the foreign litera- 
ture themselves. They may not be experts in the language, but with 
enough ability to find their way along, read enough material to know 
whether or not it then merits more detailed and precise translation. 
This not only broadens the experience and knowledge of the investi- 
gator, but enables him to evaluate and thus avoid a lot of unnecessary 
routine-type translations. This is an ever-increasing problem, as you 
are well aware, because the volume of human knowledge is apparently 
doubling about every 10 years. If we undertake massive translations, 
you can see once more we are confronted with an explosive problem. 
The CHatrMan. Yes, sir. 
Dr. Fremine. I have emphasized the training of professional per- 
sonnel but the Department of Oceanography is only one of many 
departments in a large university. Because it is located on the main 
campus, it provides instruction to many more students than our own 
majors. In most of our undergraduate courses, the oceanography 
majors are cutnumbered by students from other departments of 
science. Jn addition, we offer a survey course in oceanography open 
to nonscientists that this year will be presented to about 900 students. 
For the past 2 years we have offered a special evening class for school- 
teachers and, during the coming summer, with funds from the Na- 
tional Science Foundation, we will conduct a 9-week summer institute 
for high school teachers. It may interest you to know that for this 
summer institute we have over 1,100 applications from which to select 
a group of 380 participants. There is obviously no lack of interest 
in the science of the sea. 
As a department in the college of arts and sciences on the main 
campus of the university, we cannot lose sight of those educational 
responsibilities that go far beyond the training of professional 
oceanographers. 
S. 901 contains provisions for the further training of the person- 
nel from various branches of the Federal Government. We have had 
officers of the Navy, Coast Guard, and Coast and Geodetic Survey 
assigned to the Department for periods varying from 12 months to 
3 years for postgraduate training. Furthermore, we have given spe- 
cial short courses to three groups of officers from the Coast and Geo- 
detic Survey. It is obvious that this type of training is an essential 
part of the expanded national effort in the marine sciences and that 
the program should be made available to increased numbers of both 
civilian and officer personnel. 
I have not burdened you with facts and figures. Studies such as 
those prepared by the Navy, by the National Academy of Sciences, 
by the American Society of Limnology & Oceanography, and by 
others, contain estimates of the large numbers of trained personnel 
