154 MARINE SCIENCE 
(4) Page 9, line 3: The sum for shore facilities is probably too small; 
should be doubled. 
As Drs. Revelle, Ewing, and Schaefer stated, the NAS-NRC report “Ocea- 
nography 1960-70” was written several years ago. It should serve as a guideline 
and not a delineator of final figures, because conditions and costs have and will 
continue to change before the bill is fully implemented 10 or more years from 
now. 
Returning to the proper form of organization to administer these funds, I 
believe that the present arrangement is a good one. Speaking from a financial 
point of view, it would, of course, be better to have the committee set up as a 
strong and independent unit with direct access to the proper financial groups of 
Congress, but the organization presently proposed probably constitutes a suitable 
legislative compromise. 
It is absolutely vital that the funds needed to implement those phases of the 
program vested in the individual Federal agencies be appropriated in addition 
to and not expected to come out of the present budgets of the representative 
agencies. This applies particularly to the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries which 
is already very inadequately financed. 
It is also vital that the financial support intended for universities and other 
non-Federal institutions go to those organizations and not be absorbed into the 
budget of the Federal agency handling the funds. Specific precautions should 
be set up to prevent such absorption. 
One last general comment. It should be explicitly ascertained that marine 
biology will be adequately supported. It is an extremely difficult discipline with 
problems that are generally tougher, perhaps as much as three times more diffi- — 
cult, to solve with precision than those in the purely physical realms. If this 
assumption is correct, it would seem to follow that a large portion, perhaps as 
much as 55 to 65 percent of future scientific effort, should go into biological 
research. This is not the usual ratio, however; usually the physical sciences are 
much more heavily financed. 
To this point, all we are primarily interested in is how the physical phenomena 
affect plants and animals, including man and society. Therefore, it would seem 
doubly necessary to have the biological aspects more realistically supported. 
Biological oceanography must be adequately supported. 
In closing this statement, I would like to reiterate my firm support of S. 901. 
It must be implemented. 
Woops HoLe OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION, 
OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, 
Woods Hole, Mass., April 4, 1961. 
Hon. WARREN G. MAGNUSON, 
Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 
Dear SenatoR Magnuson: I appreciate most sincerely your kind invitation 
to comment on S. 901 which you introduced during the current session of the 87th 
Congress. Regrettably, the invitation to appear at the hearing was received 
while I was on extensive travel from which I did not return in time to permit 
me to be in Washington during the hearings. Needless to say, those of us in 
charge of oceanographic institutions in this country have a vital interest in the 
proposed legislation and have thought a great deal about its impact on marine 
sciences. 
The congressional interest in oceanography during the past 2 years is most 
encouraging and the influence of the introduction and passage by the Senate of 
your bill S. 2692 during the 86th Congress has already been evident. The report 
of the National Academy of Sciences and the Navy’s TENOC plans, together 
with Senate Resolution 136 adopted by the 86th Congress, reflect the intensive 
study and careful collaboration of distinguished scientists, Government leaders 
and legislators. The implementation of these carefully considered programs is 
essential for their potential benefit to mankind and is mandatory to our national 
security. Therefore, my comments should in no way be interpreted as evidenc- 
ing other than pleasure and satisfaction that your committee has studied with 
such care these recommendations for marine science, and that the drafting of 
S. 901 has resulted in such thoughtful enunciation of policy. 
Repeatedly, this proposed legislation has emphasized the need for substantial 
expansion of basic research. Our knowledge of the oceans and the phenomena 
which occur within them is still relatively primitive compared to the other 
geophysical sciences. Additions to our knowledge of the oceans will come 
