170 MARINE SCIENCE 
is not to be a centralized agency to oversee this program—and it is our belief 
that there should be—then, there should at least be a versatile coordinating 
committee or commission. This program must be properly formulated, coordi- 
nated, administered, and controlled if it is to accomplish the greatest good. 
Accountability of these agencies to such a commission for the successful imple- 
mentation of this program is vital to the program’s overall success. Essential 
to effective coordination is adequate communication, and assurance of properly 
operating channels of communications at all times among this many govern- 
mental agencies is in iteself a herculean task. 
This framework is further supported by the knowledge that to secure satis- 
factory results, a program must be planned. It is imperative that such a long- 
range program as this have a plan. Any research is dynamic. Denial of 
top-echelon planning ignores the fact that the operative level will ever face a 
choice among alternatives. When you deny the need for planning, implementa- 
tion of your program is based on chance or emergencies. A good plan promotes 
the confidence that helps lead to success. 
Through such a framework, we should administer all Government-financed 
oceanographic research. There should be no cleaverage of military and civil 
oceanographic research. Avoid the delecate situation that accompanies our 
outer space research program ; profit from that experience. 
Administration of this program should be a team effort, and such a team 
should be versatile to give the group breadth and stability. This administrative 
body should include representatives of the engineering (especially electronic), 
economic, legal, and sociological professions in addition to earth scientists. 
Such a group should then be memorialized to conduct a complete rethinking 
about inner space research, a reorientation of the state of the oceanographic 
art. A few examples: How many already perfected items, especially electronic 
and bionic, used in outer space exploration could also be effectively used in 
exploration of inner space? Why not an orderly plan for deep ocean research— 
we did not attempt to orbit a human being in our initial outer space probe. 
Why can’t more mothballed ships be overhauled for research use in contrast to 
construction of new ships? Should not more emphasis be placed on use of con- 
verted submarines for oceanographic research ? 
I present these comments for your consideration. 
It is significant to note that wherever money has been spent in the past to 
outfit and encourage marine laboratories, oceanic research vessels, and marine 
studies, big dividends have eventually resulted. This has been true in Britain, 
Norway, Japan, France, Portugal, Iceland, and the Soviet Union. Research in 
the marine sciences takes place in several institutions in the United States. 
The two most prominent organizations are Scripps Institution of Oceanography 
in California and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massachusetts. The 
former is supported by the Navy and the University of California; the latter 
primarily by Navy funds. Several oceanographic stations, all with university 
ties, are active: For example, the University of Washington, Texas A. & M., 
the University of Miami, Johns Hopkins University, Chesapeake Bay Institute, 
and Columbia University at the Lamar Geological Observatory. The Nation 
also has 10 to 20 small marine laboratories. 
Expansion of present research establishments and creation of new ones must 
be accomplished. It is becoming more apparent that our knowledge of the 
ocean is closely linked to national security, and thus is of critical importance, 
but we lack sufficient basic understanding of the ocean. The attainment of 
increasing degrees of understanding will not only keep the level of oceanographic 
knowledge on a par with that in the other sciences, but will also contribute 
solidly to our military well-being and to our future integrity as a Nation. 
Meanwhile, as always, research remains a gamble but increasingly less so than 
the lack of research. 
Thank you. 
