MARINE SCIENCE 187 
XV INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF LIMNOLOGY, 
Madison, Wis., April 6, 1961. 
Hon. Warren G. MAGnuson, 
Chairman, Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, 
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 
Drar Sir: I have read with interest your recent Senate bill 901. Without 
some modification, it may not have the impact on oceanography that you en- 
visage. The collaboration from the sister science, limnology, which is most es- 
sential to the success of your bill may not be forthcoming owing to omission of 
small freshwater lakes from the bill’s specifications. Permit me to outline for 
you some of the relationships between lake and ocean studies and to point up 
some of the advantages of lake research, which can augment our understanding 
of the oceans: 
(1) Lake and ocean science in the United States and Canada is represented by 
the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography. Its official research 
publication is Limnology and Oceanography. It would be regrettable if bill 
901 were to fractionate this close and natural cooperation of long standing. 
(2) Lakes serve as a training site for oceanographers, many of whom began 
their careers in limnology. 
(3) Lakes are miniature oceans and provide models for experimental ocean- 
ography. Theories derived from oceanographic data and suryeys can be put 
to test in lakes, whereas the vastness of the ocean places limits on experimenta- 
tion. 
(4) The talent and facilities of the inland universities, where lakes abound, 
ean be brought to bear upon oceanogranhic problems. Senate bill 901 provides 
supnort for research on the Great Lakes, which are sites for investigating 
oceanlike problems. For this I commend you, but these are too large for many 
experimental studies, which are needed to elucidate oceanographic problems. 
You may be interested to know that a symposium on oceanography designed 
to enlist cooperation of the Big Ten universities for extended studies in ocean- 
ography is scheduled for May in Madison, Wis. In addition, a curriculum in 
oceanography and limnology is being organized leading to the Ph.D degree at 
the University of Wisconsin. 
(5) The program of the XVth International Congress of Limnology (1962) to 
be held for the first time in the United States will stress, according to American 
tradition and leadership, the close interrelationship of limnology and. ocean- 
ography. 
(6) The Ecological Society of America is devoted to a study of interactions in 
nature. It sponsors collaborative work between aquatic scientists irrespective 
of salt and fresh water. 
I strongly urge you to include in your Senate bill 901 support for scientific 
research in lakes smaller than the Great Lakes, as well as in oceanography. 
Respectfully, 
ARTHUR D. HASLER, 
Chairinan, XV International Congress of Limnology in. United States, 
1962, President, Ecological Society of America. 
CoLoRADO SCHOOL OF MINES, 
DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY, 
Golden, Colo., March 23, 1961. 
Senator Jouw A. CARROLL, 
U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. 
DEAR SENATOR CARROLL: We the undersigned individual members of the faculty 
of the Colorado School of Mines are vitally interested in the future of the marine 
sciences in the United States. To this end we believe that the passage of legisla- 
tion such as that introduced in the Senate by Senator Magnuson, of Washingon, 
as the Marine Sciences and Research Act of 1961 (S. 901) is essential to the 
continued growth of the marine sciences during the next decade. There is a 
critical lack of knowledge concerning the oceans, and this lack must be overcome. 
Although the State of Colorado is far removed from the oceans, the marine 
sciences are not without direct application to the problems of the State. Many 
of the rocks, for instance, which are exposed in Colorado were originally depos- 
ited beneath the waters of oceans which covered the continents during past 
geologic ages. A better knowledge of the processes which are going on in the 
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