three indistinct and intergraded phases: the qualitative phase (the ocean is 

 deep, cold, wet, salty, and dark); the early quantitative phase, where mean 

 depths, rough temperature distribution, light penetration, etc. , are adequate; 

 and a later quantitative phase where the thermocline, earth's heat, evapora- 

 tion, etc. must be quantitatively determined. 



The requirements of instruments depends clearly upon the phase of the 

 investigation. Instruments for the determination of second order terms nor- 

 mally cannot accept general information but must be considerably specialized. 

 It therefore is contrary to normal development to employ specialized instru- 

 ments in the qualitative phase, where information may be lost, and it is obvi- 

 ously inadequate to attempt to obtain second order information from the use of 

 instruments designed for an earlier stage of understanding. Particularly it is 

 dangerous to continue to employ early quantitative techniques far into the quan- 

 titative stage if they supply only masses of data in too great detail for the gen- 

 eral concept. 



The state of understanding greatly influences the requirements of sen- 

 sory presentation. Early in the qualitative phases, the most general and 

 broadly receptive sensory presentation should be employed. I believe that it is 

 an error to present visually an analyzed harmonic frequency curve before one 

 understands the source of the signal or has even heard it. This type of over- 

 instrumentation is common and stems from the belief that our only quantitative 

 sense is our visual sense and that the development of instruments in the final 

 quantitative stage must present their data as an image. In the qualitative ex- 

 ploratory stage, however, the advantages of the other senses should not be 

 overlooked. Let me present an example. Workers, exploring a new field of 

 ocean phenomena, employed an extremely narrow band pass filter in a visual 

 presentation, because of a mistaken idea that background was random. The 

 signal could not be detected from the background because the additional infor- 

 mation which would have permitted separation was eliminated from both the 

 signal and the background. Later investigators using a much simpler system 

 which presented all information audibly not only had instant success in detecting 

 the signal but discovered an unusual and fascinating background that opened an 

 entirely new field of processes in the sea. 



Let us now consider the characteristics of the senses of mankind, as a 

 link between the instrument and the mind. 



The human mind, in the process of evolution, has pushed out an ext- 

 tremely complex series of receptors to learn about its environment and has 

 developed for reception of their stimulae such remarkable interpreting mech- 

 anisms that some of these constitute special senses in themselves. Our senses 

 actually include then, portions of the brain that assist and augment our senses 

 by interpreting, recalling, associating, and transmitting. This is the funda- 

 mental control about which all presentation through the receptors must be 

 designed. As an integral part of our senses, the limitations of the interpret- 

 ing mechanisms are the limitations of the whole. 



We are continually aware of some of our senses and capacities, others 

 accomplish their design so subtly that their existence is hardly recognized. 

 The kinesthetic image, for example, provides a continuous sensory picture of 

 the position of any portion of our body, and we can demand from it further and 

 more detailed information about any point. Perhaps a mention of this sense is 

 not so inappropos as it might seem, for it vitally contributed to man's first 

 ability to employ tools -- as man possesses a unique extension to the kinesthetic 

 sense which allows him to extend this sense to the tools that he holds. Tap a 



