59 



2. Above 1 meter 



3. Above 20 meters 



4. Above 200 meters 



5. Above 1500 meters 



6. Between 4000 to 6000 



meters 



7. Between 6000 to 9000 



meters 



8. Below the bottom 



The surface film 

 Model studies 



The diurnal heating zone 

 Harbor problems 

 Coastal problems 



The wind-stirred layer 

 Continental shelf studies 



The nnain thermocline 

 Slope studies 



The depth of most of the 

 ocean bottom 



The oceanic depths 



The temperatures within the 

 bottom 



The range in time scales for various oceanographic processes is prob- 

 ably greater than the variation in depth ranges. Figure 3 illustrates in a loga- 

 rithmic way time scales varying by 10^ '. Occasional investigators have 

 worked on problenns near the top or bottom of Fig. 3 and these excursions may 

 well have a great influence on oceanographic research; more are to be encour- 

 aged. 



To date the vast majority of the thermal 

 work in oceanography has been done in 

 the time range of from one day to one 

 year. Even the periods associated 

 with internal waves have received only 

 a small amount of effort while on the 

 other end of the scale the long range 

 problems have only recently been re- 

 ceiving much attention. 



It can be seen from Figs. 2 and 3 

 that certain depth ranges and time scales 

 are relatively unexplored by virtue of 

 the lack of adequate instrumentation. 

 Recommendations of these instrunnents 

 will be made in a later section. 



POINT OR CONTINUOUS OBSERVA- 

 TIONS 



In order to properly study and in- 

 terpret the ocean we would like to get 

 continuous information regarding it. In 

 other words we would like to know not 

 only the temperature at a point but also 

 the time and the three space derivatives 

 of temperature. Now obtaining contin- 

 uous information in both space and time 

 would present impossible problems of 

 Fig. 3. Time Scale 



