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APPENDIX A 
Derivation of Phase Angle Required Between Struts for 
Pure Pitching Motion 
The condition that must be satisfied to obtain a pure pitching motion for a body moving 
through a fluid is that the pitch angle varies with time while the angle of attack 0, meas- 
ured at the CG, is maintained equal to zero at all times. The motion is one in which the 
body CG moves in a sinusoidal path, with the longitudinal body axis tangent to the path, 
as shown in Fig. 3c. This motion in some respects is similar to that produced by a rotating 
arm. 
