NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM LEGISLATION 309 



ESSA, and the other in the — exploration and development of the 

 •ocean resources in the Department of the Interior. 



Dr. HoRNiG. Mr. Chairman, that is a long series of questions, but 

 I will try to give you an orderly exposition of my point of view. 



I do not know that I would divide the held in the same way as Secre- 

 taiy Hollomon has. 



Let me start by looking at it from several points of view. One 

 can look at the ocean, first, from the point of view of understanding 

 it as a big system, understanding why currents circulate, why fish are 

 Avhere they are. In other words, all of the why questions — the how 

 and why questions about the oceans, and this is the area I would call 

 ■ocean science. This includes both physical and biological oceanog- 

 raphy. 



Now, we, in fact, have only three major focuses for ocean science right 

 now, and I think they are each proper focuses. Let me review this for 

 you just briefly. 



The National Science Foundation has the basic authority to promote 

 basic sciences in this country including oceanography. Its ocean 

 science budget is approximately $30 million out of a total oceano- 

 graphic research budget of, I believe, about $78 million, so that it is now 

 one of the main focuses for ocean science. 



It conducts all of its work out of house by contract with the major 

 oceanographic institutions and with the universities. Its record is 

 exemplary in its ability to enlist the very best talents of this country 

 in the work it undertakes, not only in oceanography, but in science in 

 general. 



So, I would feel very loathe to disturb this excellent means by which 

 the Government supports and enlists the services of the entire academic 

 and scientific community of the country. 



The other major focus, of what I would call scientific oceanography, 

 is the Navy. Emphasis has been placed in these hearings on the con- 

 duct of military oceanography by the Navy, but this is only one aspect 

 of a broad program. 



In the first place, the Navy has a big classified oceanography pro- 

 gram which we are not discussing at this hearing but which is, in fact, 

 about as big as the whole rest of the oceanography budget, and it is 

 those efforts which are directly concerned with military operations. 



I should note, however, that in that part of the program, there is a 

 great deal of hardware, vehicle and systems development, which flows 

 out into the nonclassified sector. The instruments that are developed 

 produced analogs which are helpful to the science and exploration 

 program. 



Now, in order to carry on its operational program, the Navy has a 

 deep interest in developing basic knowledge about the oceans iii which 

 it has to operate. Thus, through the Office of Naval Research, it 

 should and it does support general oceanographic studies. Many 

 present operational techniques and instruments are based on past ONR 

 programs. 



One might ask : Why can this not be done as well for the Navy by 

 another agency ? ^ To some extent, this would be possible, but I believe 

 that it is imperative that the Navy maintain direct intellectual links 

 to the scientific oceanographic community, that it remain in contact 

 with the best new ideas, so that both will flow into its program. This 



