412 NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM LEGISLATION 



All of this is backed up by a massive educational activity at secondary and 

 university level particularly created to train the specialists required for ocean 

 harvesting. In this system there are special schools and colleges for training 

 oceanographers, marine biologists, ichthyologists, fishery engineers, fishery tech- 

 nologists, naval architects, fishing masters, fishermen, etc., on a scale not dreamed 

 of in the United States. 



The prime purpose of this elaborate apparatus is to catch fish for the nutri- 

 tion of Russia ; I have no reason to suspect that it is not paying its way through 

 this function alone. It performs other valuable functions for Russia as well, 

 because it is integrated into national policies and activities abroad to a degree 

 we do not contemplate in our similar activities. 



The tactical defense posture of the United States suffers vis-a-vis Russia be- 

 cause Russia has fishing vessels operating where it needs them for this purpose 

 and the United States does not. Some aspects of this were reported upon by 

 President Johnson in his news conference on April 3. 



It is no accident that the fishing base in Cuba is in a good position to interdict 

 -commerce headed for the Panama Canal, if need be. The same is true of their 

 fishing developments in the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea in their relation to 

 transit through Suez ; the gift of a merchant marine and navigation academy 

 to Indonesia, which lies athwart the routes of access between the Pacific and 

 Indian Ocean ; the undertaking to provide Senegal, whose port of Dakar domi- 

 nates north-south traffic from Europe to the Cape of Good Hope, with a moderoa 

 tuna flieet and processing industry ; aid in fishing and marketing to Iceland and 

 the Faroe Islands, which lie adjacent to the main commercial artery between 

 North America and Western Europe; the promise to build a fishing harbor for 

 Tanzania at Zanzibar, which lies athwart the East African ocean trade route; 

 or the offer to offload fish at Ceylon and help that country, which lies athwart 

 the Aden-Singapore marine route, develop its fisheries. 



Having numerous and large fishing vessels working normally off West Africa 

 makes them handly to keep am eye on what is going on down the Atlantic Missile 

 Range. Experimental fishing vessels off California serve the same purpose on 

 the Pacific Missile Range. Russian fishing vessels turn up wherever the United 

 States is shooting off something interesting over the ocean, and for the most part 

 they are making a living fishing there at the same time. Russiam fishing fleets 

 and fishery research vessels constantly send back to home data centers in Moscow 

 oceanographic and meteorrological data of prime military value from the whole 

 world ocean, gathered as a normal part of their exploratory and industrial 

 activity. It is paid for by fish. 



In a good many parts of the world protein malnutrition is a major problem. 

 Ainimal protein from fish is perfectly suited for coiTecting this problem. Diplo- 

 matic favor comes to countries which aid these developing countries develop their 

 own fisheries and provide them with fish in the interim (the United States is 

 great for providing wheat, corn, and rice but not animal protein) . 



The most rapidly increasing domestic fishery in Africa is in Ghana. This has 

 moved with massive and practical help from Russia. In addition, Ruissia is 

 landing 20,000 tons of fish per year in Ghana from its own vessels' catches off 

 Angola to Senegal, to the great benefit of Ghana and its own profit. Russian 

 vessels at present are landing somewhat more than 2,000 tons of fresh frozen 

 fish per month in Nigeria where the need for animal protein is great. It is 

 planned that their landings will treble to a level of 6,000 tons per month within 

 18 months. The same thing is going on in Congo (Brazzaville), Liberia, Sierra 

 Leone, and Guinea. The promise to build a tuna fishery in Senegal is in the 

 same category, as is the promise to build a fish harbor in Zanzibar. Russia is 

 building a modem fishing harbor for Egypt at Alexandria on the Mediterranean 

 and another at Ras Banas on the Red Sea. Bulgaria is furnishing the modern 

 trawlers and crews for the Red Sea Development Corp. operations at Massawa, 

 Ethiopia. Russia has offered large fishery development aid projects to India 

 and Ceylooi, etc. 



I am sure that if the committee consults ONI and CIA it can obtain much 

 information on the role of Russian fishing and merchant marine vessels in 

 furnishing small weapons and the means of subversion in many odd comers of 

 the world. 



In summation Russia is applying science and technology to its increased use 

 of the ocean in a much more effective manner than is the United States, this is 

 thoroughly integrated into the diplomatic, military, and political activity of 

 Russia in the outside world in a degree not remotely realized by the United 



