NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM LEGISLATION 437 



rstructure of the world more fundamentally than most things that can l)e sug- 

 ;gested, because it would signal to all hands that we had concjuered this en- 

 vironment and could use it.. No other power could prudently challenge us until 

 it could do the same. 



Intermediate steps to this goal are available, unlike in the case of the moon 

 venture. We are now engaged in learning how to live and work under waters 

 lip to 100 fathoms in depth. It is possible, as a nest step, to take the goal 

 of occupying a deeper peak than that on the Atlantic ridge (or Emperor Sea 

 Mount south of the Aleutians) and work our way gradually down hill to the 

 deep-sea bed. 



13. A principal disadvantage in our dealing with this ocean-use problem is 

 that we began considering it seriously 10 years ago almost exclusively in the 

 context of its scientific aspects. In the intervening 10 years we have learned 

 •enough about the ocean to believe that it is practical to attempt its occupation 

 .and use. This, however, requires many other skills and activities other than 

 soientitic, although still requiring a much expanded scientific activity, both 

 ■discipline-oriented (basic), and mission oriented. Now we are using the word 

 oceanography to connote this ocean use as well as the ocean science meaning. 

 The word will not stretch that far. 



What we now must do is restructure our ideas as well as our institutions so 

 that the total appropriate resources of our society (scientific, engineering, in- 

 dustrial, and governmental) can be brought to bear upon the successful occu- 

 pation and use of this new environment of the ocean. 



14. Most of the bills before the committee have been conceived during the 

 period when we were caught up in the consideration only of the scientific aspects 

 of this problem. Even S. 944, which recently passed the Senate, is concerned 

 mostly with this. Only during this session of the Congress has the new concept of 

 using the total appropriate resources of the country to attack this new environ- 

 ment for occupation and use inspired both the executive and legislative branches 

 and been incorporated into proposed legislation. The most recent, and most 

 broadly based, of these bills has been referred to another committee of the House, 

 the Committee on Government Operations, because it deals broadly with the 

 broad problem. 



RECOMMENDATIONS 



Nevertheless the old problem of coordination of ocean research and develop- 

 ment in the executive, with which most of the bills before the committee are con- 

 cerned, still exists and urgently needs resolution. 



I think that this can be done most appropriately by adopting S. 944 in ap- 

 proximately the form in which it recently passed the Senate — to establish a 

 National Council on Marine Resources at Cabinet level, and a temporary Com- 

 mission on Marine Resources with which to assist the Council in the initial 

 stages of its work. I believe the purpose of this bill could be afCected beneficially 

 by making certain that the Council and Commission, in their planning responsi- 

 bilities, encompassed the full range of Government activity leading to the 

 successful occupation and use of the ocean environment. 



Biographic Sketch of W. M. Chapman 



1. Born, Kalama, Wash., 1910. Raised in the Columbia River salmon in- 

 dustry. 



2. Educated, School of Fisheries, University of Washington: B.S., 1932: M.S., 

 1933 ; Ph. D., 1937. 



3. Professional work : 



(a) Biologist. International Fisheries (Halibut) Commission, 1933-39 

 ^ ocean research). 



(ft) Biologist, Washington State Department of Fisheries, 1939-41 (her- 

 ring, clam, salmon. Grand Coulee and sardine research) . 



(c) Biologist, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1941 (fur seal research). 



(d). Biologist, Washington State Department of Fisheries, 1942 (oyster 

 research). 



(e) Curator of fishes, California Academy of Sciences, 1942-47 (ichthyol- 

 ogy: Steinhart Aquarium). 



(/) Fishery development oflicer. Central and South Pacific theaters of 

 war; Board of Economic Warfare (establishing subsistence fisheries at 

 advanced island bases), 1943^4. 



(ff) Director. School of Fisheries, University of Washington, 1947— tS 

 (fi.shery education). 



