NATIONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC PROGRAM LEGISLATION 521 



contamination. Some survey work is done by the oceanograpliic in- 

 stitutions in connection with their research program and a great deal 

 is done by industry, especially in the shallower waters of the Con- 

 tinental Shelf. 



Finally, there is the area of utilizing the sea, exploiting its mineral 

 and biological resources, minimizing its dangers to shipping and coastal 

 installations and using it is an environment for both military and 

 civilian maritime activities and for recreation. Both the surveying 

 and research activities contribute knowledge that is essential for the 

 utilization of the ocean. Those who would exploit it must also know 

 and understand the underlying science and where to go to find con- 

 ditions favorable to the exploitation that they seek. In turn, the re- 

 search scientists and the explorers must have a knowledge of the ex- 

 ploitation possibilities so that in deciding which to choose among the 

 innumerable tasks they could perform they can be guided by potential 

 uses, on both the civilian and the military side. 



The agencies that are legitimately concerned with utilization range 

 through many of the departments and agencies of the Federal Gov- 

 ernment, but the primary interest in exploitation of resources is, 

 of course, in the Department of the Interior — the Bureau of Com- 

 mercial Fisheries, the Bureau of Mines, and the Geological Survey. 

 Primary interest in using the sea as an environment is in the De- 

 partment of Defense — ^the Navy and U.S. Engineers — and in the De- 

 partment of Commerce — Environmental Science Services Admin- 

 istration. 



As I said earlier, the activities of the National Science Foundation 

 come logically under the first category — that of research. Oceanog- 

 i-aphy has been supported by the Foundation from the start, but its 

 major growth has been since 1958. In that year we supported ap- 

 proximately 60 research grants in the physical and biological as- 

 pects of oceanography as well as in marine biology. Today, we 

 sponsor well over 200 such research programs in universities and 

 other scientific institutions studying the oceans and the Great liakes. 



During this same period, our support of senior research personnel 

 has risen from approximately 50 to more than 200, and our support 

 of graduate students through research grants, fellowships and trainee- 

 ships has gone from less than 40 to over 160. 



These figures do not, of course, tell the whole story, for much of 

 oceanograpliic work is carried out by individuals who had their train- 

 ing in one of the basic sciences. 



Included in the above totals is the support of research aboard the 

 Eltanin^ the research vessel attached to our Antarctic program. In 

 addition, along with other agencies of the Government, we have sup- 

 ported the International Indian Ocean Expendition, which, when all 

 the data are analyzed, will prove to be a major accomplishment in 

 oceanographic research and survey. 



Also, just recently, we supported the initial phase of an ocean- 

 bottom coring program. This first endeavor off the east coast of 

 Florida started on April 17, and was completed in 30 days. It was 

 not only scientifically successful, but also demonstrated the economic 

 value of drilling in the oceans. 



Our budget for marine research and education over this same 

 period — ^that is, from 1958 to 1965 — ^has increased from about $1.5 



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