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graphic Institution, lie has held positions as Associate Marine Biologist (1940- 

 45), Marine Microbiologist (1945-53), Senior Biologist (1953-54), Senior Oceanog- 

 rapher (1954-63), Senior Scientist (1963-). He has been Associate Director 

 since 1962. He has been Lecturer in Biological Oceanography at Harvard Uni- 

 versity (1960-68) and is at present Associate Member of the Department of 

 Biology. During 1968-69, he vs^as on leave of absence and served as Head of the 

 Section on Ecology and Systematic Biology of the National Science Foundation, 

 Washington, D.C. 



He is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science 

 and of the New York Academy of Sciences and a member of Phi Beta Kappa, 

 Sigma Xi, Ecological Society of America (Vice President, 1961-62; President, 

 1965-66), American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (Secretary-Treas- 

 urer. 1952-58; Vice President, 1958-59; President, 1959-60), American Institute 

 of Biological Sciences, American Geophysical Union, Marine Technology Society, 

 and of the Corporation of the Marine Biological Laboratory. He is a Trustee 

 of the Bermuda Biological Station, of the Falmouth Hospital, and of the Inter- 

 American Institute of Ecology. He was co-editor of the book "Marine Fouling 

 and Its Prevention" (1952), associate editor of the journal "Limnology and 

 Oceanography" (1966-69) and is co-editor of "Coastal Marine Science" (1971-). 



Dr. Ketchum's research interests have included the production of organic 

 material by the marine planktonic algae, the cycling of nutrients in the sea, 

 and the circulation of coastal and estuarine waters. He has long been interested 

 in pollution of the sea and the effects of pollution on marine organisms. He has 

 published over 50 scientific papers on these subjects. 



Mr. DiisTGELL. The Chair recognizes Mr. Griffin. 



Mr. Gkiffin. 'No questions. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Mr. LaGarza ? 



Mr. LaGaeza. This does not relate specifically to the marine aspect 

 of it, Doctor, but a man of your experience I can readily see might 

 shed some light on this for me because it is related in part to this. 



I had occasion to visit in Africa last fall. In the center part of the 

 old French Equatorial Africa where there are no disposal problems 

 and no residual pesticide or insecticide problems, the rivers are all 

 polluted nonetheless. 



You can't drink the waters, swim in the river. Do you have any 

 explanation environmentalwise or ecology wise why this happens? 



Dr. Ketchtjm. I am not acquainted with Africa at all, having set 

 foot in it only once at Dakar. 



It is true, however, that natural rivers will vary from clear spar- 

 kling mountain streams to the rather sluggish rivers that carry tremen- 

 dous loads of terrestrial sediments and of organic materials which 

 has fallen from the trees and bushes that line the stream and these, as 

 they rot and decay, can be pollutants just as can the things that we are 

 introducing in our human waste. 



They are not in the same category as things like DDT and other 

 exotic chemicals that the normal bacteria flora of the world has never 

 been exposed to before and evolution has never produced organisms 

 capable of decompasing some of these materials. 



Mr. La Garza. Thank you. Doctor. 



For this reason I was most happy and I heartily agree with your 

 statement that there should be some funds dedicated to research in 

 order that we might continue the research and probably get to the 

 point where we might know what exactly it is that causes some of the 

 problems and in order to control what we know now we must continue 

 our research. 



I most heartily concur with your statement. 



