414 



Mr. KuCKELSHAus. There is no difference in the emergency provi- 

 sions under the old act and under the new act, but all of our enforce- 

 ment procedures under the new act are tied into implementation plans 

 which will not be adopted for 17 or 19 months. 



Mr. EoGERS. I would like to j^ursue this more, but the chairman tells 

 me I have exceeded my time. I am very much concerned that no en- 

 forcement action has been taken by the agency. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Mr. Goodling ? 



Mr. Goodling. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I shall be very brief. 



Mr. Ruckelshaus, has your agency been in existence long enough to 

 have given thought to ocean dumping of automobiles ? 



Mr. RucKELSHAus. No. The Federal Water Quality Administration, 

 which has been doing some research into certain problems involving 

 ocean dumping, prior to coming into EPA. 



]Mr. Goodling. Have you come up with any answers whether it is 

 good or not? Is any harm being done by dumping of junked 

 automobiles ? 



Mr. RucKELSHAus. I don't know the answer to that question. 



Mr. DoMiNiCK. IS'o, we don't have specific answers to that question, 

 Mr. Goodling. I believe that there may be some areas in the oceans 

 where the placing of junk automobiles would be beneficial to fish 

 life, to provide a proper habitat. We can supply answers to you on 

 what studies have been done by the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and 

 Wildlife on that aspect. 



(The information follows:) 



Studies on Fish Habitats of Junked Automobies 



Such information is contained in tlie attached reports at the pages indicated: 

 Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1966, p. 12. 

 Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1967, p. 176. 

 Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1968, p. 17. 

 Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1969, p. 185. 



[Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1966, p. 12] 

 artificial fishing eeefs 



Antomo'bile hody reef study 



We made monthly SCUBA observations on the laboratory's pilot artificial reef, 

 two miles off Monmouth Beach, New Jersey. Construction material consists of 

 16 junk automobile bodies sunk in a depth of 5.5 feet. The cars are supporting a 

 moderately heavy growth of encrusting organisms — primarily barnacles and 

 hydrozoans. The initial fouling rate during the last summer was very rapid, but 

 with decreasing temperatures the accumulation of encrusting organisms has been 

 reduced. A differential setting of organisms occurred on the car surfaces. The 

 heaviest fouling was on the painted and chrome surfaces of the bodies. The un- 

 painted and rusted surfaces of the engine and chassis have few marine organisms 

 attached. 



The fish attracting quality of this test reef became evident soon after it was 

 established. The fish observed in or about the reef were : tautog, cunner, black 

 sea bass, scup, summer flounder, Atlantic mackerel, pollock, longhorn sculpin, 

 puffer, searobin, and ocean pout. Although most of the fish observed were adults, 

 there were also juvenile pollock, puffers, searobins, and hake. If the reef can func- 

 tion as a nursery habitat, it will not only attract angling size fish from other 

 areas, but may enable fish to survive past the larval stage. 



"We noted a seasonal change in the reef fauna in December. AVater tempera- 

 tures dropped and longhorn sculpins. a boreal species, had moved to the reef. 



The two most common demersal invertebrates encountered in the reef were 

 starfish and sand dollars. We found both species densely packed under and 



