468 



Now the main difference between the territorial sea and the con- 

 tiguous zone would have to do with regulation of vessels. As far as I 

 can see, we contemplate taking the most effective type of action that 

 the contiguous zone provision enables us to take. 



Now the only possible difficulty that I could see would be where 

 there was soine dumping of materials that clearly would not affect the 

 area within 3 miles. Something that clearly wouldn't move shoreward. 

 Perhaps some type of nonliquid type of dumping. There might be a 

 problem with respect to that. I don't think as a practical matter we 

 are talking about anytliing that is a serious problem. 



Mr. DuPoNT. I was Avith jow until you said that last phrase, but 

 now you have got me concerned about dmnping construction debris. 

 Are you saying if we have a prohibition against dumping cinder 

 blocks, broken cinder blocks, outside of 3 miles, that under interna- 

 tional law we are perhaps not able to prohibit that ? 



Mr. Stevenson. Well, I am not an ocean pollution specialist, so I 

 am not sure that there wouldn't be a problem even with materials such 

 as cinder blocks, even though dumped within the contiguous zone. It 

 might ver}^ well come landward, and interfere with our territorial 

 sea. So that I think even in that area, I am not sure that we couldn't 

 act if we wanted to. 



Mr. DiNGELL. Would the gentleman yield? 



We have got several concepts involved here. First of all, there is a 

 question of the relationship of the United States to other nations and 

 citizens of other nations, and the concept of the United States with re- 

 gard to its relationship with its own citizens. Then you have the ques- 

 tion of the area in the territorial sea which is 3 miles from our shore- 

 line. Then you have the question of the contiguous zone, which is from 

 3 to 12 miles out. 



We can clearly control the activity of anybody within 3 miles — our 

 own citizens or citizens of other nations. As between the 9 and the 12, or 

 even 12 all ovei' the high seas, we can control the actions of our own 

 citizens. 



Between the 3 and the 12 mile limits, we may only engage in cer- 

 tain acts which would control the activities, rather than we can control 

 certain actiAdties of citizens of other nations. Is that a kind of simpli- 

 fication of the question which I'OU are discussing with Mr, duPont at 

 this time? 



Mr. Stevenson. Yes, I think that is accurate. 



Mr. Dingell. And so as to the dumping of cinder blocks, there 

 would be no problem of dumping cinder blocks out anywhere out to 

 12 miles, if it was an American citizen ; if it was between 3 and 12 miles, 

 as to the nationals of other nations, we might have a problem, you are 

 saying, if we couldn't demonstrate clearly that this would involve 

 some effect which would adversely affect the U.S. territorial sea or 

 the shoreline or its nationals. Is that correct ? 



Mr. Stea^nson. That is correct. I think the most important point 

 here, and I think it is the same point that Judge Train made before, 

 is that at the present time, there is no duinping off our shores that 



