MARINE SCIENCES AND RESEARCH ACT 23 
He continued: 
In fact, they had a three-vessel expedition working in the 
Bering Sea in 1935 and 1936. They have made a thorough 
survey there of the fisheries and the currents and the types 
of bottom, and so on, and in the fisheries resource development 
their work is every bit as good as ours and in some cases it 
is advanced. 
For example, one of their submarines, the Severyanka, has 
been converted into a machine with windows in it and samp- 
ling devices to study the upper reaches of the ocean, particu- 
larly in relation to the distribution of the herring and other 
fish in the North Atlantic. They have made some interesting 
discoveries with the submarine. This is one field where they 
are at least abreast of us. 
Senator Lausche, who was presiding at the hearing during this 
portion of the testimony, asked: 
From an applied standpoint, have they made advances 
in excess of ours, if at all? 
Dr. Schaefer: 
I would say equal to ours. One example of this is the use 
of the Severyanka in the herring fisheries in the Norwegian 
and Barents Seas. By using thissubmarine they were able to 
make observations on the behavior of the herring. On the 
basis of these observations they were able to design gear to 
greatly improve their catches. This is just one example. I 
wouldn’t say they are ahead of us, but they are certainly 
abreast and they are certainly working at it very hard. 
The Committee on Oceanography recommended that during the 
next 10 years the Bureau construct 14 research ships, 12 of 500 tons 
displacement and 2 of 1,200 to 1,500 tons displacement. It esti- 
mated the cost at $27.4 million. 
In the provision that would authorize appropriations for ship con- 
struction by the Bureau, the bill stipulates that the Bureau study the 
ships being built by other nations for exploration and research with 
a view to increasing the seaworthiness, range and efficiency of our 
own fisheries research fleet. 
Appropriations for operation of the new U.S. ships to be constructed 
under this section of the bill would be authorized subject to a limita- 
tion of $2 million per annum for operating costs. 
It is also provided that in research operations by the Bureau full 
consideration shall be given to the needs for research in the Gulf of 
Mexico, Bering Sea, other areas of potential commercial importance 
in the oceans, and in the Great Lakes. 
A similar stipulation is made in the authorization of such sums as 
may be deemed adequate by the department for capital expenditures 
in developing or expanding ocean resource studies with such devices 
as mesoscaphs for biological observations, automatic continuous 
plankton samplers, oceanaria, and instrumentation for studies of 
marine life behavior. 
The major authorization in this section, however, is that of such 
sums as are necessary for operations, excluding ship operations, of 
fisheries resource studies including biological surveys, marine popula- 
