ela: 
2 MARINE SCIENCES AND: RESEARCH ACT 
which carry 99.8 percent of the exchange of raw materials and. 
finished products. 
And the oceans are neutral. 
An airplane flying 12 miles above the land surface of a foreign 
country creates an international sensation and the foreign nation 
responds to this distant overflight with raucous accusations of 
spying and aggression, the later, of course, obviously absurd. 
But any unfriendly country can spy on us from only 3 miles off 
our ocean beaches. Submarines or nosey fishing vessels of a foreign 
power can cruise with impunity up to the 3-mile limit of the territorial 
seas. Beyond that invisible boundary the waters of the oceans are 
‘international. ‘This, in time of peace, is as it should be. 
~Trade,-commerce, and in a large measure the economy of free 
‘nations, are dependent on keeping the oceans open. 
’ “Oceans are now and will continue to be the highways for most of 
the world’s international commerce. In 1959, free world exports 
totaled $102 billion; free world imports $105.8 billion. More than 
one-sixth of this commerce was to or from the United States, the 
world’s greatest market and the preeminent supplier of foreign 
markets. 
Freedom of the oceans is important to our economy and security, 
and the key to the free world alliance. To hold that key it is 
imperative that we know the oceans. 
In the past that knowledge was two dimensional. It sufficed to 
know the winds, waves, and currents at the surface, fisheries resources 
near the surface, and the reefs and shoals imperiling surface ships. 
Even within these limited requirements our knowledge frequently 
has been and is inadequate. 
Today knowledge of the oceans must be three dimensional, ex- 
tending from the surface to the bottom, and to the crust below the 
bottom. Why? 
Mr. Sumner Pike, former Commissioner of the Atomic Energy 
Commission, and a member of the Committee on Oceanography of the 
National Academy of Sciences, touched on the reason in his testimony 
at hearings on the bill before this committee. He said: 
* * * it has become suddenly apparent that the ocean is 
of the highest importance to national defense, indeed to our 
survival. It seems unnecessary to emphasize here the 
possible results of the development of nuclear submarines 
and guided missiles. My own personal reaction can be 
phrased briefly: Another nation caught us _ practically 
unawares upstairs; for heaven’s sake don’t let the same 
thing happen to us down cellar. 
With this problem thrust upon us, we become unhappily 
aware of the abysmal extent of our ignorance of the ocean 
in areas where knowlege both wide and accurate seems 
essential. 
To acquire this knowledge which appears so necessary requires 
marine research much more extensive than any this Nation has 
undertaken in the past or is undertaking now. 
Soviet Russia, which has more submarines than all the nations of 
the free world combined, is conducting an unprecedented ocean re- 
search program, one that, in fact, surpasses that of the entire free 
world. 
