MARINE SCIENCE 41 



same vote we have in the conference that have no interest in coastlines 

 or fisheries — direct interest, I mean. They have an interest, naturally. 



The 6 miles would close up about 64 straits; wouldn't it? Some- 

 thing like that ? 



Mr, ScHAEFER, I believe so. 



The Chairman. The Russians wanted 12 miles which will add about 

 3 million square miles to the Soviet bloc territory. 



Mr. ScHAEFER, I think one of the significant things, Mr. Engle, 

 from the standpoint of your fishermen in California and the other 

 fishermen of the United States, is that even with the U.S. proposal, 

 even if it does win, distant water fishermen are going to have to develop 

 other fishing areas, further off shore. This is one area where oceano- 

 graphic research is of importance. The distant water fisherman 

 will be barred from some of the traditional fishing areas within a 10- 

 year period. 



Senator Engle. We might have to go down there 7 miles and catch 

 one of those flat fish. 



Mr. ScHAEFER. Or you may have to do a great deal more fishing 

 four or five or six hundred miles offshore. 



Senator Bartlett. The historic fishing rights will be out in 10 

 years. 



Mr. ScHAEFER. Yes. 



The Chairman. You have no chance to negotiate within the 10 

 years — two nations such as the United States and Canada — perhaps 

 for perpetual rights. They will ring the bell on us in 10 years. 



Mr. ScHAEFER, You can always make bilateral arrangements. In 

 other words, a country can make a bilateral arrangement to permit 

 another country to fish. 



The Chairman. But no country is going to do it with the 10-year 

 provision in there. 



Senator Bartlett. Where did we suffer that defeat ? 



Mr. ScHAEFER. I don't know whether you would call it a defeat or 

 not. This was a compromise between the Canadian proposal and the 

 U.S. proposal. Canada had an original proposal of a 6-mile terri- 

 torial sea with a 6-mile exclusive fishing zone to commence imme- 

 diately. The United States had a proposal of a 6-mile territorial sea 

 with a 6-mile exclusive fishing zone, recognizing historic fishing rights 

 in the outer 6 miles in perpetuity. 



They arrived at a compromise between those two proposals which 

 was jointly sponsored by the United States and Canada in this form. 



The Chairman. Your fellows can't come down to Seattle with 

 your fish. Is it your impression that Dean is doing as good a job as 

 he knows how on this thing ? 



Mr. ScHAEFER. Yes, it is my impression that not only Mr. Dean, 

 but all the members of the U.S. delegation are working very hard and 

 very ably. They are doing extremely well under very, very difficult 

 circumstances. 



The Chairman. Of course, the U.S. Navy is not going to be happy 

 about this. 



Mr. ScHAEFER. They will probably be happier with the 6 miles. 



The Chairman. They will be happier with the 6 than the 12, but it 

 should be the 3. The 12 would close something like 114 strategic 

 straits in the free world, including Gibraltar and the English Chan- 



