92 MARINE SCIENCE 



must go hand in hand with a vigorous and imaginative applied research and 

 development program. Accordingly, the committee recommends : 



3. The United States should expand considerably its support of the applied 

 marine sciences, particularly in the areas of military defense, marine re- 

 sources, and marine radioactivity. 



The implementation of these general recommendations requires action upon 

 a number of broad fronts. More marine scientists must be educated. Addi- 

 tional ships and shore facilities must be built. New instruments and techniques 

 must be developed. International cooperation in the marine sciences must be 

 strengthened. 



To achieve these aims in the next 10 years will necessitate many agencies of 

 the Federal Government working together both in planning and in providing 

 the moneys.^ Taking into account the relative degrees of interest and impor- 

 tance of oceanography to individual agencies, the committee recommends : 



4. The Navy and the National Science Foundation should each finance 

 about 50 percent of the new basic research activity except ship construction. 

 The Navy should finance 50 percent of the new research ship construction 

 with the Maritime Administration and the National Science Foundation 

 sharing the remainder. The Navy through the Hydrographic Office, should 

 finance 50 percent of the deep ocean surveys, while the Coast and Geodetic 

 Survey should finance the balance. The Navy should sponsor completely all 

 military research and development operations. The Bureau of Commercial 

 Fisheries should finance the greater part of the recommended ocean resources 

 program. The Atomic Energy Commission should finance the major part' of 

 the research dealing with the problems of radioactive contamination of the 

 oceans. The National Science Foundation and the Office of Education should 

 sponsor jointly the proposed program for increasing scientific and technical 

 manpower in the marine sciences. Efforts aimed at fostering international 

 cooperation in the marine sciences should be sponsored by the Department 

 of State, the International Cooperation Administration, and the National 

 Science Fundation. Other agencies should take responsibility for certain as- 

 pects of the proposed program, particularly the Public Health Service, the 

 Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Mines. 



Although the bulk of oceanographic research and survey work must of necessity 

 be financed by the Federal Government, the value of State and private funds 

 cannot be overestimated. Such funds are especially helpful for supporting initial 

 exploratory basic research and for starting new laboratories. Accordingly, the 

 committee recommends : 



5. Private foundations and universities, industry, and State governments 

 should all take an active part in the recommended program of expansion. 



III. Specific Recommendations 



A. EDTTCATION AND MANPOWER 



(1) The universities now providing graduate education for oceanographers 

 should be encouraged to increase the nmbers and quality of their output. Some 

 institutions which now teach oceanographic in only certain branches of ocea- 

 nography should add professors in other fields to their faculties. These measures 

 will require financial support. 



(2) Institutions which undertake considerable research, but provide no regular 

 formal teaching in oceanography, could contribute greatly to the education of 

 oceanographers at the highest level by close formal affiliations with universities. 

 Conversely, universities should recognize their responsibilities in the education 

 of oceanographers. They should welcome this affiliation with marine labora- 

 tories and arrange for the interchange of faculties. This will require financial 

 support. 



(3) It may be desirable to develop oceanographic education at new centers. 

 However, a critical mass of faculty in the basic sciences is essential for success- 

 ful teaching of oceanographers. Such new centers should, therefore, be devel- 

 oped at universities which possess strong faculties in the sciences. 



(4) In order to finance new faculty in oceanography at existing or new teach- 

 ing centers, the U.S. Government should provide funds on long-term commit- 



5 One method suggested for developing more eiFective interagency cooperation is througli 

 tfte proposed Federal Council for Science and Technology. This" Council is described in 

 "Strengthening American Science," a recent report of the President's Science Advisory 

 Committee. 



