22 
Specifically, we have little knowledge of the economic factors in- 
volved in exploiting the deep seabed resources presumed to exist but 
not actually located. No one has considered seriously the question of 
how to induce enterprise to undertake the risks of deep-sea explora- 
tion and exploitation if the financial benefits are to go to others. 
We are far from ready to establish a new international organiza- 
tion to preside over this amalgam of uncertainties. Nor is there yet 
broad agreement on the general legal principles which ought to govern 
activities in the deep ocean floor. We must be concerned with these 
economic and legal factors, as well as the very important security 
considerations involved. 
The discussion of the Pardo proposal in the General Assembly thus 
far has surfaced these problems and a great many more besides. As 
delegates have come to realize how little they actually know about 
these matters, many of them have been understandably cautious about 
moving too far or too quickly. 
The Soviet bloc, for example, has taken a most restrictive attitude, 
even doubting the advisability of setting up a General Assembly com- 
mittee on the subject. And others, while agreeing to a temporary com- 
eS would give it only a highly restrictive mandate for the time 
eing. 
U.S. POSITION ON PROBLEMS OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 
Our own position, as set forth by Ambassador Goldberg on Novem- 
ber 8, is, we think, a balanced and judicious presentation of both the 
possibilities and the problems of international cooperation as regards 
the oceans, and I would like, with your permission, Mr. Chairman, to 
submit that statement for the record. 
Senator Sparkman. That will be received and printed. (See p. 8.) 
Mr. Stsco. The Ambassador stressed the importance we attach to a 
comprehensive and responsible study, to the growth of international 
cooperation in exploration of the ocean floor and the development of 
general principles to guide the activities undertaken in this field. 
Ambassador Goldberg maintained that the deep ocean floor should 
not become a stage for competing national sovereignties. Rather, it 
should be open to exploration and use by all States, without 
discrimination. 
Recognizing that the first issue before the Assembly was how to or- 
ganize itself to implement the objectives it considered desirable, Am- 
bassador Goldberg recommended the establishment of a committee 
on the oceans which would act for the General Assembly in consider- 
ing all marine questions brought before the Assembly. Such a com- 
mittee would assist the General Assembly in promoting long-term in- 
ternational cooperation in the marine sciences and, in particular, assist 
the Assembly on questions of law, arms control, and problems of 
pollution. 
Ambassador Goldberg pointed to the importance of beginning now 
to tackle the legal issues involved by developing general principles 
to govern States in their activities on the deep ocean floor. He em- 
phasized the complexity of the issues and noted that treaties already 
exist which bear on the subject. The Ambassador affirmed the willing- 
