j 
33 
jacked them, as we used to say in prohibition days, when I was in high 
school, what jurisdiction would apply ? 
Mr. Mrnxer. I think there is a good question as to the right of a 
country today to remove and to keep for itself minerals which might 
be found on the deep ocean floor. This fact of uncertainty is something 
that operates in the minds of companies and enterprises that are con- 
sidering the possibility of this kind of activity. 
As to an effort by one vessel to take over what might be on board 
another vessel 
Senator Pert. No; underneath the surface of the sea. 
Mr. Merxer. You could very well have a very close analogy to piracy 
at that point, but again it seems to me that the only way in which 
these questions are going to be clearly and definitely settled is through 
the development of a suitable regime. 
NEED FOR LEADERSHIP 
Senator Peru. I think these wonderfully phrased and delightfully 
fuzzy, if you will forgive me, replies define the need for moving just 
in this direction. Now it has generally been maintained by the Execu- 
tive that they should lead the way. I think in many cases we on the 
Hill should do the leading, and it is one of our functions, I think, 
that we will do what we can—I will, certainly—to try and press for- 
ward in this direction, so that we can field, or table, the first draft that 
is more nearly in accord with our national interests and the inter- 
national interests of the world as we determine it. 
I thank both of you very much. 
Senator Sparkman. Thank you very much, gentlemen. 
Mr. Sisco. Thank you. 
Senator SparKMAN, Our next witness will be the Honorable Paul 
C. Warnke, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security 
Affairs, accompanied by Dr. Robert A. Frosch, who is Assistant 
Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development. 
STATEMENT OF HON. PAUL C. WARNKE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY 
OF DEFENSE, INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS, ACCOM- 
PANIED BY DR. ROBERT A. FROSCH, ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF 
THE NAVY FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT; AND LEIGH 
RATINER, OFFICE OF ASSISTANT GENERAL COUNSEL, INTER- 
NATIONAL AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE 
Mr. Warne. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I also have with me Mr. 
Leigh Ratiner, of our Office of Assistant General Counsel for Inter- 
national A ffairs.. 
It is a pleasure to appear before this committee this morning to 
testify with respect to Senate Joint Resolution 111 introduced by 
Senator Cotton and Senate Resolution 172, introduced by Senator 
Pell. It is my understanding that the committee is also considering 
eats Resolution 186 introduced by Senator Pell on November 17, 
IO 
Because of the evolving capability to exploit the oceans’ living and 
mineral resources, and with their strategic importance becoming of 
