42 
USE OF SEABED FOR PEACEFUL PURPOSES 
The Senator has talked about the use of the bed of the sea for 
peaceful purposes only. American Air Force astronauts are carrying 
the heavy burden of exploration in outer space, and the American 
Navy will be carrying the heavy burden of mapping the bed of the 
sea and of photographing what is there. Over 50 percent of our 
oceanographic appropriations today go to the Navy. 
I believe that all of that can be done without the introduction of 
new weapons systems on the bed of the sea. I would like to quote 
from Secretary McNamara’s written testimony in favor of the outer 
space treaty. He said: 
The timing of this agreement is most important. This is an instance of lock- 
ing the door before the horse is stolen. 
This is one of the instances when men from many nations have been able 
to act in concert to plan and control the future, to act before and not react 
to just scientific advance. This timing prevents the threat of new weapons 
systems into new areas now. This is certainly better than to try to control 
or reduce them later, after they have been developed and employed, after 
inertia and investment make it so difficult to pursue reductions in armaments. 
And so I would say that the Navy will play the most important part 
in the exploration of the sea, but there is no reason why, in the treaty 
that Senator Pell proposes, the nations cannot agree as they did in 
outer space, that weapons of mass destruction and atomic weapons, 
will not be planted in the seabed. The Navy may cooperate with other 
states in one of the greatest peacetime opportunities for scientific dis- 
covery open to mankind. The area involves seven-tenths of the earth’s 
surface for which scientific investigation has scarcely been taken. 
INTERNATIONAL SEA GUARD FAVORED 
Then, finally, Mr. Chairman, a word about the Senator’s proposal 
for a sea guard. I favor the idea of such a force, though it might come 
under some new security system of the U.N. or administered by an 
international authority for the sea, instead of under the Security 
Council. 
A definite cutoff place in the continental shelf is absolutely neces- 
sary. I leave it to the experts to decide the place, 200 or 600 meters. 
But certainly let us stop now from giving anyone the thought that 
there can be a great adventure to annex the bed of the sea. 
T agree with several addresses that have been delivered at the United 
Nations General Assembly urging that the nations agree to a self- 
denial ordinance by which they would agree not to go farther in the 
sea than their present claims, until a rational order of the sea can 
be worked out. 
SEA RESOURCES FOR UNDERDEVELOPED PEOPLES 
And finally, as the President of the United States has said the 
deep seas and the oceans’ bottoms must remain the legacy of all 
human beings. Listening to spokesmen of the developing peoples im- 
presses one that in some way these people must be assured that they 
