CONTENTS 
Page 
Memorandum) of the Chairman 2 22 Sees a ee ee Tit 
Meher LO neers bbe le eee ee eae) Sek Yee eh ee PS et Vv 
Sumimaliny yaa ee see Be eee CERTIGRT: Pes DST tales Renn EET Racer arse hse, eset ay Seva XIII 
TAntrodictionweeree ee eee 2a Sais ee eee ee ee esate 1 
IJ. Composition, formation, and aiscribulion of manganese nodules__-__ 3 
Sintec wes Serie aia {Satay Pacer hua eS ig PST lee eet ica ae Sere ee hee 3 
ISU COsLettIRGs = a i ee gg ee a ee a 
SiBichuretes. oes OE Ee eee cet AA PF iteere 7 91 oun ie 4 
IWOMPOSIDIOMN Bite eee ee ee eee re 5 
Hlemental composition. 222s. 528 6 ee ee eee 5 
IMG aVey EW Koya eee a tS MCS Cee ee ee 6 
Formation of manganese nodules________________.------------ 6 
Biological -oripinsyset. Sow ea Pe ee eee 6 
MTOR AMM CE ORTON Gg see a ee te ee ee ee 7 
Geographical distribution________-_________---__---_~--_---- 7 
North PaAciiciOceana— == aes ee ee fi PPE ree afsil 
South BaciviiclO ceaml sae seen Oe Ai i ee Se eee 12 
INombib Ai lamtienO Cea en re ee ee iz 
SoubneAtlamnibiey Ocean ses oe ee ee az, 
MTC ATO COTM eee ke 12 
III. Mining: Site selection, technology and processing___--------_----- 13 
iN eFSIeyCele Chi Oniko-s eaten NUM MN ee ee 13 
Nodwuleemininectechinol@ pye -al sa ee  e ee 15 
PANS ADU EL Ey OLD EOOY Ov 0p ee ay spayed Ps Oy ao See Hel 8 UI Ca pe 15 
yea lida Dea ee Ree thee Mey hee wk! oS 18 
Meehan Cali ditt, extn e ar ee Ree Ds ps eee Lak eee 18 
Nodule processing technology____________________ Lecterns on wanlend AB 20 
Eyarochlorinationteae sue) SO. ee Serie seers 21 
Sulfur dioxide roasting and walter leaching___—---_-______ 22 
Ammoniaeal deaching (is. & 2) Sears Sie aL as Ae Eee 23 
Sulturietacidileachingt) 22 BeMet Swi iiss: 24 
Smelting} .eit_ 4 ou5 eeehes Eh Soap) 0 BABI Ae Ae MO’ s 25 
Ve Eo nvaironmentaily CONCERNS) = os 27 
Previous research _____________-______ ES a Re ee. ee 27 
SPeciicieffecicg: 26 Moasivers nrigeinie i sn) teenie" AER ate 27 
IRepopullation: 2-22.22 = See ue eRe ae eer eer num Ei 1) 21) il 
Transplantation fais te. teenie pe Pi, Fi, SPAN TT OL 28 
Surface water contamination________________---__________ 28 
Pollution from shipboard processing__________.____________ 29 
Common) elects, 222 aera ey PINON oe Ee 29 
Findings and further investigations_______ eae a 29 
Impacts of alternative sources__________-__------~.---_--__---- 29 
V. Mining interests and economics___________----__~-~---.----___----_- Sill 
US: minine Interests stasfhou. 93 A3e25_sugwex _sersiga® Aly 31 
ThHevAoOward Lushes enim a= =e ames oe ere kee ee ee eae 2 Be 
international consortia 2. = =" a eee eee eee es 35 
Horelen, interests. 2222.0. bets ho eal she ag ene ory MA Bye 
Problems in determining the economic impact of nodule 
MMMM. eee Lol 2 SS = eine Ae Cea ata Aros 38 
Hstablishing an international authority___________________ 38 
Size of Operation... eee os eeet) Ieee ane 38 
Metal production per ton of nodules__________.____________ 39 
Timing of nodule operations_________________._______ 40 
Heonomie impact of nodule mining__________--_-..____________ 41 
HIN @ Ue abe ee SNE 2 eee Ping esber 47 
Copper. ==. 2oerek eee Hehe) yh amend Area haere terey tae 49. 
Ma SAN CSG7 sae ee eee oe ee ce See FE 50 
(OCG) OE eae NE i aa ee Sd Ye Ne er Rn ee 52 
Long-term economic prospects of nodule mining __..____________ 53 
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