78 



THE NAVY OCEAN SCIENCE PROGRAM 



miles from near Barrow through the Arctic Ocean, almost past 

 the North Pole, £md through the Greenland Sea to near Iceland, 

 where it was evacuated. A permanent station is now located on 

 Fletcher's Ice Island (T-3). Research on these ice stations has 

 included programs in gravity, magnetics, underwater acoustics, 

 seismology, micro-meteorology, physical and chemical oceanog- 

 raphy, sediment coring and heat-flow measurements, ice physics, 

 and ice drift. These programs have been supplemented by 

 airborne studies of the distribution and dynamics of pack ice. 

 Achievements from the ice-station and airborne studies 

 include interpretations of arctic basin geology and crustal 

 structure, and considerably more precise knowledge of factors 

 that affect ice conditions, particularly the rates of ice forma- 

 tion, dissipation, deformation, and drift. The arctic investiga- 

 tions have produced practical applications; these include 

 improved survival techniques, aircraft landings on ice, use of 

 ice for camp construction, over-ice vehicular movements, ice 

 breaking, ice forecasting (long and short period), ice penetra- 

 tion by submarines, and bathymetric maps of the major physio- 

 graphic features in the Arctic Ocean. 



Arlis II in July 1961, two months after the estabUshment 

 of the ice-island research station 



