THE GULF STREAM. 31 



14. Nay, more ; at the very season of the year when tne Gulf 

 Stream is rushing in greatest volume through the Straits of Flor- 

 ida, and hastening to the north with the greatest rapidity, there is 

 a cold stream from Baffin's Bay, Labrador, and the coasts of the 

 north, running to the south with equal velocity. Where is the 

 trade-wind that gives the higher level to Baffin's Bay, or that even 

 presses upon, or assists to put this current in motion ? The agen- 

 cy of winds in producing currents in the deep sea must he very 

 partial. These two currents meet off the Grand Banks, where 

 the latter is divided. One part of it underruns the Gulf Stream, 

 as is shown hy the icebergs which are carried in a direction tend- 

 ing across its course. The probability is, that this "fork" flows 

 on toward the south, and runs into the Caribbean Sea, for the 

 temperature of the water at a little depth there has been found far 

 below the mean temperature of the earth's crust, and quite as cold 

 as at a corresponding depth off the Arctic shores of Spitzbergen. 



15. More water can not run from the equator or the pole than 

 to it. If we make the trade-winds to cause the Gulf Stream, we 

 ought to have some other wind to produce the Polar flow ; but 

 these currents, for the most part, and for great distances, are sub- 

 marine, and therefore beyond the influence of winds. Hence it 

 should appear that winds have little to do with. the general system 

 of aqueous circulation in the ocean. 



The other "fork" runs between us and the Gulf Stream to the 

 south, as already described. As far as it has been traced, it war- 

 rants the belief that it, too, runs up to seek the so-called higher 

 level of the Mexican Gulf. 



16. The power necessary to overcome the resistance opposed 

 to- such a body of water as that of the Gulf Stream, running sev- 

 eral thousand miles without any renewal of impulse from the forces 

 of gravitation or any other known cause, is truly surprising. It 

 so happens that we have an argument for determining, v/ith con- 

 siderable accuracy, the resistance which the waters of this stream 

 meet with in their motion toward the east. Owing to the diurnal 

 rotation, they are carried around with the earth on its axis toward 

 the east with an hourly velocity of one hundred and fifty-seven* 



* In this calculation the earth is treated as a perfect sphere, with a diameter cf 

 7925-56 miles. 



