RECOMMENDATIONS 433 
arid and semi-arid lands, with special emphasis on the variability 
of precipitation. 
30. A demand for the application of scientific and scholarly 
knowledge in arid areas should be created by means such as 
those indicated in items 1-1v. It should be noted that in many 
situations the driving force necessary for getting available knowl- 
edge applied to improvement of land and water utilization 1s 
lacking. This driving force is essentially public demand or social 
pressure. Creating such demand is the most effective method of 
attaining the desired end. (1) Expansion of demonstration areas, 
even though they have some disadvantages. They stress manage- 
ment by practical operators, such as commercial or family farmers, 
where demonstration of practical value are sought. However, 
demonstrations designed for the promotion of specific under- 
standing of resource problems and techniques by business and 
political leaders, and even by technical men themselves, should be 
maintained. Cooperative interdisciplinary demonstrations on 
single resource management problems are useful. They have been 
successfully extended to include treatment of the entire resource 
pattern in areas of some size. Complex demonstrations of inte- 
grated resource management on a scientific basis not only are 
proved but also deserve more intensive use. Demonstrations may 
be supported entirely by public funds, partly by public funds, and 
entirely by private funds. The possibility of extending the useful- 
ness of the demonstration technique under private auspices is a 
relatively new subject that deserves further attention. (11) Re- 
search in the social sciences, exploring limiting factors that have 
tended to keep knowledge from application. Much more knowl- 
edge is needed concerning the social and economic factors that 
influence the development and application of science, and con- 
cerning the art of persuading people to take action in resource de- 
velopment to their own and their community’s long-term benefit. 
Special attention should be paid to economic and social studies 
that can throw light on the relative values of competitive uses of 
water. However, the cooperation of engineering and natural 
sciences in such investigations will be essential, together with the 
