BOOK VI. 217 



in silver mines ; it creeps unobserved and brings destruction upon those 

 who imprudently sit on it. But, as the same writer tells us, springs of warm 

 and salubrious waters gush out in certain places, which neutralise the venom 

 inserted by the ants. 



In some of our mines, however, though in very few, there are other 

 pernicious pests. These are demons of ferocious aspect, about which I have 

 spoken in my book De Animantibus Subterraneis. Demons of this kind 

 are expelled and put to flight by prayer and fasting. ^^ 



Some of these evils, as well as certain other things, are the reason why 

 pits are occasionally abandoned. But the first and principal caase is that 

 they do not yield metal, or if, for some fathoms, they do bear metal they 

 become barren in depth. The second cause is the quantity of water which 

 flows in ; sometimes the miners can neither divert this water into the 

 tunnels, since tunnels cannot be driven so far into the mountains, or they 

 cannot draw it out with machines because the shafts are too deep ; or if they 

 could draw it out with machines, they do not use them, the reason 

 undoubtedly being that the expenditure is greater than the profits of a 

 moderately poor vein. The third cause is the noxious air, which the owners 

 sometimes cannot overcome either by skill or expenditure, for which reason 

 the digging is sometimes abandoned , not only of shafts, but also of tunnels. The 

 fourth cause is the poison produced in particular places, if it is not in our 

 power either completely to remove it or to moderate its effects. This is the 

 reason why the caverns in the Plain known as Laurentius 2' used not to be 



"'The presence of demons or gnomes in the mines was so general a behef that Agricola 

 fully accepted it. This is more remarkable, in view of our author's very general scepticism 

 regarding the supernatural. He, however, does not classify them all as bad — some being 

 distinctly helpful. The description of gnomes of kindly intent, which is contained in the 

 last paragraph in De Animantibus is of interest : — 



" Then there are the gentle kind which the Germans as well as the Greeks call cobalos, 

 " because they mimic men. They appear to laugh with glee and pretend to do much, but 

 " really do nothing. They are called little miners, because of their dwarfish stature, which 

 " is about two feet. They are venerable looking and are clothed like miners in a filleted 

 " garment with a leather apron about their loins. This kind does not often trouble the miners, 

 " but they idle about in the shafts and tunnels and really do nothing, although they pretend to 

 " be busy in all kinds of labour, sometimes digging ore, and sometimes putting into buckets 

 " that which has been dug. Sometimes they throw pebbles at the workmen, but they rarely 

 " injure them unless the workmen first ridicule or curse them. They are not very dissimilar 

 " to Goblins, which occasionally appear to men when they go to or from their day's work, or 

 " when they attend their cattle. Because they generally appear benign to men, the Germans 

 " call them guteli. Those called irulli, which take the form of women as well as men, actually 

 " enter the service of some people, especially the Stiions. The mining gnomes are especially 

 "active in the workings where metal has already been found, or where there are hopes of 

 " discovering it, because of which they do not discourage the miners, but on the contrary 

 " stimulate them and cause them to labour more vigorously." 



The German miners were not alone in such beliefs, for miners generally accepted 

 them — even to-day the faith in " knockers " has not entirely disappeared from Cornwall. 

 Neither the sea nor the forest so lends itself to the substantiation of the supernatural as does 

 the mine. The dead darkness, in which the miners' lamps serve only to distort every shape, 

 the uncanny noises of restless rocks whose support has been undermined, the approach of 

 danger and death without warning, the sudden vanishing or discovery of good fortune, all 

 yield a thousand corroborations to minds long steeped in ignorance and prepared for the 

 miraculous through religious teaching. 



'''The Plains of Laurentius extend from the mouth of the Tiber southward — say 

 twenty miles south of Rome. What Agricola's authority was for silver mines in this region we 

 cannot discover. This may, however, refer to the lead-silver district of the Attic Peninsula, 

 Laurion being sometimes Latinized as Laurium or Laurius. 



